Power Versus Domination Essay Example for Free

Power Versus Domination Essay Although Foucault’s methodology of archaeology and genealogy of knowledge contribute greatly to the study of history of knowledge but contrary to general facts of social science. Foucault’s archaeology and genealogy of knowledge produce outstanding works such as History of Madness and History of Sexuality. But, in fact, in theory and practice of social change there is no relation between power and domination. But on the other hand, Foucault’s methodology makes us more sensitive to relation between power and domination. Thus, why is obviously contradict to general fact of science. Foucault with the method of archaeology and genealogy proved that the history about the healing of the mad in ancient times and now is under the influence of power and domination. In Foucault’s History of madness he tried to explain about how to heal ‘mad people’. In the past, treatment of mad people were exiled to a desert island. Meanwhile, the treatment is more human than the people made by being placed in the ‘clinic’. But because of power and domination this treatment is more restrained treatment or even torture. That why, Foucault’s methodologies contribute to the history of knowledge. However, Foucaults methodologies contradict the reality of social science. the general fact of science showed that there is no relation between power and domination. In short, power is not to dominate, and domination is not to support power. Power does not control all aspects of life whether personal life or social. It showed by the existence of ‘human right’. The reality of social science tends to ignore the power in the world of science. For me knowledge is a neutral, objective and innocent. So, Foucault’s methodologies are opposed to the assumption that knowledge is a neutral, objective and innocent.

Challenges Facing Facilities Management Departments Construction Essay

Challenges Facing Facilities Management Departments Construction Essay Within the coming years Facilities Management Departments (FMD) are going to be faced with a number of challenges and they will be expected to do a lot more with so much less. These challenges are mainly due, to the ever expanding business sector; this expansion has seen the emergence of new buildings taking place at much faster rate, than the refurbishment or demolition of other predated structures. But this is just the tip of the ice burger, as there are other pertinent issues facing the FMD such as: The rapid pace of change, changing technology, building automation, security issues, sustainability, aging buildings, geographic barriers, cultural differences and Environmental factors such as changing regulatory environments, rapid population growth and continued limitation of energy resources (IMFA 2007). So the need for the FMD to incorporate new technology, that utilizes Renewable Energy Sources to produce energy, and reduce the impact that aged buildings in particular are having on the environment is a high priority. The majority of these issues currently facing the FMD are not new, in fact they have been around for a long time, but have escalated over time, due to increased human activities. This is an exciting time to be a facility management professional. Although facility management professionals will face more challenges than ever before, they have greater opportunity to add value for their customers through efficient management and improved technology.'(IFMA 2007) INTRODUCTION Time present and time past are both perhaps contained in time future and time future contained in time past (T.S. Eliot, Burnt Norton, The Four Quartets) The aim of our FMD is to continue to provide a safe, comfortable and a well maintained working environment, for both staff and clients. By providing a full range of services which incorporates all of the latest technology currently available, these services are then executed by a an experience and well trained group of people who, are both loyal and committed to achieving all the goals set out by the financial institution. The practice of co-ordinating the physical workplace with people and work of the organization, integrating the principles of business administration, architecture and the behavioural and engineering science (Becker 1990) There are a number of new legislations and technological advancements that have emerged over the last decade, which has caused the role of the FMD to constantly evolve, thus requiring the development of both tactical and strategic methods, so that our goals can be achieved, so that we can have continued success in this technological developing world. The FMD is presently performing a number of services throughout this multi-national financial institution, such as but not limited to, maintenance, energy conservation, repairs, maintenance, security, information technology (IT), renovations, capital renewal, training, cleaning, customer services, workplace comfort, occupancy planning, business continuity planning (BCP) etc. So to properly prepare this years budget the FMD is suggesting that careful consideration be given to the following critical service areas: New legislations Energy conservation Capital renewal Workplace comfort Training Energy Conservation Climate change legislations There is a growing concern about global warming and the lasting impact its having on humanity and the environment. Due to this crisis the Global community has implemented a number of legislations geared towards the reduction of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions, two (2) of which are the Kyoto Protocol See Appendix 1 and Copenhagen Accord See Appendix 2. Older building especially consumes a lot more energy than those that were recently built; due to this they are having a significant impact on the environment. So the need to reduce our CO2 emissions by reducing our dependency on Fossil Fuels by using technology that uses Renewable Energy Sources to produce clean energy. Add a little more Buildings have a significant impact on energy use and the environment. Commercial and residential buildings use almost 40% of the primary energy and approximately 70% of the electricity in the United States (EIA 2005) Capital Renewal Replacement of outdated equipment, buildings etc. This is an important process which the FMD have already begun to implement, mainly because the buildings that we presently occupy are in excess of ten (10) years old, making both the HVAC and lighting systems inefficient and obsolete. Because of this they are the two (2) of the largest consumers of energy, simply because they are both required building components and are essential mechanisms for occupants comfort. These technological upgrades off all outdated equipment, coupled with the installation of Energy Management Control Systems (EMCS) and electrical meters, throughout our institutions, are all geared towards reducing our energy demands. This will enable us to reduce our CO2 emissions and conform to all Climate Change Legislations, with the eventual aim of reducing our overall electrical bills. Workplace Comfort Customer Services No employers would like to be on the wrong side of the law, and because of this they are obligated to ensure that the health, safety and welfare of their all employees are adhered to under Section 2 of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (HSW which states that employers should: Providing safe equipment and working practices Ensuring safe handling, storage and transportation of goods and substances Providing information, training and supervision Providing a safe place of work with safe access and egress Providing a safe working environment and facilities So ensuring that all our staffs needs are met and taken care in a timely manner is of utmost importance. Due to the fact that our staff can be considered like a persons heart in that, they are a vital part of the institution and without them we will cease to exist. Add a little more Training This is an integral part of any institution given that technology changes on a daily basis, so every effort should be to insure that each member of staff is kept update with all of the latest technology. As is customary with all recessionary periods it does not last forever, so by keeping abreast of all advance technology, we will not only be gaining an advantage over all of our competitors, but also the advance knowledge needed for our continued sustenance when this period of economic down turn comes to an end. Add a little more Future Challenges So what does the future hold for us as a FMD will apart from being constantly referred to as the Jack of All Trades? what and where we are most liking heading in the future is best summed up by in the following: The future workplace will bring with it a number of distinct priorities. More attempts to make flexible working a reality are likely, requiring improved IT and communications infrastructures. The expansion of a 24/7 work culture will necessitate non-stop support facilities, with consequent outsourcing, contract and health and safety considerations needing to be taken into account. Public Private Partnership (PPP) and private Finance Initiative (PFI) deals and economic pressures will push facilities professionals towards more benchmarking, more cost-benefit analysis and more performance measurement. The tightening of building regulations and particularly the introduction of Part L [the manifestation of the European Unions Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD)] is having enormous ramifications for energy efficiency and the built environment. Buildings account for an estimated 40 per cent of all world resource consumption and over 40 per cent of all waste, including greenhouse gas emissions. EPBD is designed to increase the energy efficiency of all buildings by more than 20 per cent. A key point is whether anyone will want to rent or own an F-rated building instead of an A or B one. All these developments should give facilities managers a fresh impetus to making their voices heard by senior management in the times ahead. Facilities for businesses in the future will have to be more flexible and more streamlined than ever before. Managers will need to exploit growing communication opportunities and facilitate an ever-widening range of support services. Facilities managers need to become more professional and business oriented. They must develop a performance profile that is committed to the needs of their organization. Facilities managers need a variety of skills, as all organizations are different, but all should aim to gain the attention of the board and not just be visible when something goes wrong. It is one of the most challenging professions to conquer. The key point to be made, touching on an earlier comment, is that facilities managers are indeed the stewards of the built environment. (Frank Booty) Recommendations The present economic climate dictates that once this recession period is over, the FMD would more than likely take a lot longer to recover, already having to survive throughout this time by implementing both tactical and strategic methods and now having to deal with budget cuts all in the same time is quite a lot for any FMD. So before any FMD budget reductions should take place, there are a number of options open for us to consider before any final decision is made on the budget, some of which are: Why dont we look at saving instead of cutting, for instance upon completion of all the capital renewal projects which are presently on stream, a major reduction would be seen throughout all off the institutions electrical bills, but for this to happen all ongoing projects needs to be completed in as timely a manner a feasible possible. Given that most of our noncore service labour is outsourced, we should consider coming up with some sort of partnership agreement, with if not all most of our service provides so as to generate new and innovative ways of reducing our over head expenditure. So taking into consideration all of the pertinent point discussed trimming of the FMD at this time would be unwise, given that heavy fines would be imposed upon any organization / institution not conforming to the new legislations for CO2 emission reduction. Given the current economic climate we are presently facing, and having to deal with all the challenges that comes accompany an economic slowdown, and at the same time, maintaining our vision as being the premier financial choice to both our employees and prospected clients should be of concern. For this reason the following should be noted: Addressing the trends presented here-through consideration, education and preparation-will arm facility management professionals with the necessary tools required to face the challenges ahead. In stable conditions managers can plan with greater certainty and are able to identify significant and longer term issues for which they can easily prepare. However, in a prevailing climate of uncertainty and change, and with the need to respond quickly to unforeseen circumstances, managers need to develop approaches that enable them to foresee future challenges, envisage the impact on the organisations and communities in which they work and develop the strategies and competencies needed to retain an advantage. This is an opportunity for the FMD to utilize whatever little resources they currently have at their disposal, to provide their staff and customers with as wide a service range as possible so as to fulfill all their present needs.

Anthrax Vaccine Trials for Pediatrics

Anthrax Vaccine Trials for Pediatrics Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by Bacillus Anthracis, a gram positive bacterium that forms spores. A spore is a cell that is dormant but may come to life with the right conditions and become active. These spores can contaminate people like in 2001 when letters containing Anthrax spores were being mailed in a bioterrorist attack and make them severely ill. (White, 2012) Anthrax generally comes from soil and animals. A person can become infected if they come in contact with and infected animal or animal product. Once they are infected then they can start to show the first symptoms of inhalation. Anthrax starts off with cold or flu symptoms and can include a sore throat, mild fever and muscle aches. As time goes by symptoms include cough, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, tiredness, and muscle aches. It also affects the GI system. Patients may experience nausea, loss of appetite, bloody diarrhea, and fever, followed by bad stomach pain. In the 2001 bioterrorist atta ck, five people were killed and seventeen were infected. (White, 2012) The purpose for this paper is to discuss the ethical dilemma on running test trials of the Anthrax vaccination prior to administering it on pediatric patients. When it comes to the Anthrax vaccine the problem arises because there are no clinical test trials done on pediatric patients. This brings the ethical issue of Protection of patients in research. (ANA, 2008) The reasons being that there are many hurdles on beginning the process of making sure that children are safe during clinical test trials if it further goes into the trial process, as well as many other ethical dilemmas that revolve around the process itself. Parents are skeptical enough about their children receiving certain vaccines like MMR and Varicella to have their children go through clinical test trials for Anthrax and putting them at risk for unknown side effects. Otherwise like Nicola Klein, director of Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center st ated, parents must go through a lot before they can actually approve their child to be involved in any type of clinical trial. They will be informed with a large amount of information regarding risks, benefits and any other type of outcome. (White, 2012) Since children are not responsible for their own clinical decision making the parent would be responsible for making this informed decision regarding their children. A nurses responsibility would be to make sure that the parent of the child involved is presented with the accurate information regarding the trial. The parent would then have the right to refuse participation in any clinical trial they do not feel would be beneficial to them or their child. â€Å"Michael Anderson, Vice president and Chief Medical officer of UH Case Medical Center and representing the American Academy of Pediatrics states, â€Å"It is unethical not to conduct pediatric trials. Failure to examine the vaccine in children would deprive us of valuable data necessary to save children’s lives.† (White, 2012) â€Å"According to Robert â€Å"Skip† Nelson, senior Pediatric Ethicist in the office of Pediatric Therapeutics of the Food and Drug Administration, it has to meet three relevant principles before going into clinical trial runs.† (White, 2012) First the children should not be enrolled in a clinical trial if the scientific or public health objective can be achieved by enrolling adults. Second, absent direct therapeutic benefit to the children enrolled the risks to them must be low-or no more than a minor increase over minimal a risk, which itself is defined as no greater than the risk that they face in ordinary activities. Lastly, children should not be placed at a disadvantage after being enrolled in a clinical trial, either through exposure or to excessive risk for by failing to get necessary health care. (White, 2012) A study done in San Francisco, California named Dark Zephyr that found that if there w ere a release of Anthrax spores on the city 7.6 million people would be affected and a quarter of a million of that population would be children. (White, 2012) If there were to be an Anthrax epidemic there would be a treatment for it. The treatment consists of a sixty day antibiotic regimen and once the regimen is finished the person is in need for vaccination to prevent another outbreak. The antibiotic regimen alone is not sufficient enough. It is only a temporary fix. The problem is children enrolled in a â€Å"prevent† anthrax trial will not receive direct medical benefits and by benefits they mean knowledge about how best to protect children from anthrax. If trials do go into effect the question is would health care officials be able to gain the trust of the parents. It would be the duty of the health care officials to keep parents well informed with all pertinent information regarding the trials including and not limited to potential risks, benefits and other consequence s of the vaccine as predicted from use in adults. The parents must be actively engaged on reporting outcomes and be committed to the goals of the research. Because we are unsure that an Anthrax attack would even happen, it is unclear as to how much of a risk research subjects should be exposed to or whether vaccinations would be better, or more cost effective than an antibiotic regimen. Furthermore the Presidential Commission of study of Bioethical issues concluded that no testing should be considered unless the risk to kids is minimal. They feel that it will put the child at high risk. Also, there is not a chance that a sufficient number of American parents are going to sign up their kids for the safety testing of an Anthrax antidote. They also feel that the exposure the Anthrax is farther down the list then some of the other obstacles a child may face for example, obesity, bullying, and suicide. References American Nurses Association. Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretative Statements. Accesses November, 2008 at: http://nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ThePracticeofProfessionalNursing/EthicsStandards/CodeofEthics.aspx Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). Anthrax: What you need to know. Emergency Preparedness and Response. Retrieved from: http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/anthrax/needtoknow.asp White, Ross. (2012). Anthrax Vaccine Trials for Children: Precautionary or Premature? Bioethics Forum blog. Retrieved from: http://www.thehastingscenter.org/Bioethicsforum/Post.aspx?id=5852&blogid=140terms=anthrax+vaccine+trails+for+children%3a+precautionary+or+premature+and+%23filename+*.html

Progress and Development of ASEAN :: International Economics, Trade Agreement

1.0 OVERVIEW OF (ASEAN) 1.1 The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Bangkok, Thailand with the signing of the (ASEAN) declaration, by the founding fathers of (ASEAN), namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand was establish on 8 August 1967. On 7 January 1984, Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam on 28 July 1995, Myanmar on 23 July 1997 and Cambodia on 30 April 1999 then joined. Nowadays, (ASEAN) have ten member states. The aims and purpose as set of (ASEAN) are first, to accelerate the economic growth, social progress, and culture development in the region through joint endeavors in the spirit of equality and partnership in order to strengthen the foundation for a prosperous and peaceful community of Southeast Asian nations. Second, to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest in the economic, social cultural, technical, scientific and administrative fields. Third, to promote Southeast Asian studies and to maintain close and beneficial cooperati on with existing international and regional organization with similar aims and purpose and explore all avenues for even closer cooperation among themselves. (ASEAN) focus for three (3) communities to achieve. First, political. To build on what has been construed over the years in the field of political and security cooperation. The (ASEAN) political – security community (APSS). The aim, to ensure that countries in the religion live at peace with one another and with the world in a just democrat and harmonious environment. The APSS blueprint envisages (ASEAN) to be a rules based community to shared values an norms, a cohesive, peaceful, stable and resilient region with shred responsibility for comprehensive security, also (APSS) blueprint is guide by the (ASEAN) charter and the principle and purpose contained was adapter by the (ASEAN) leaders at the 1984 (ASEAN) summit on 1 march 2009 in Cha – am / Hua-Lin Thailand. Second, Asian economic community (AEC), the goal of religion economic integration by 2015, envisages the following key characteristic, a single market production base. A highly competitive development region and a region of equitable economic development also a region fully integrated in the global economy. Thirdly, (ASEAN) socio – cultural. The aims for this communities, to contribute to raising an (ASEAN) community that is people oriented and socially responsible with a view to achieving enduring solidarity and unity among the peoples and member states of (ASEAN). Focus on nurturing the human, cultural and natural resources for sustained development in harmonious also people of (ASEAN).

Information Systems Ethics :: Technology Internet Papers

The area of Information Systems ethics has received a fair amount of attention in recent times. IS Professionals generally agree that we need adequate ground rules to govern the use of present day Information Technology. We have also recognized for many years the need to incorporate ethics into IS curricula. Current mechanisms which attempt to make IS professionals and students more sensitive to the ethical concerns within IT and IS may be too tightly focused in terms of both issues and audience, especially in the light of the rapid proliferation of Internet use. To properly analyze the impact of the Internet on IS ethics, we would need to establish the appropriate context. To this end, this paper explores several aspects of computer ethics that are relevant to today's users of IT. For example, who are the people that need to be educated on these issues? What are the issues, and what has been the impact of the Internet on these issues? What are current attitudes, perceptions, and behavior in situations involving computer ethics, and what is the effect of the Internet? Do we have guidelines and codes that provide assistance for these ethical situations? What else needs to be done to help address some of the problems in this important area? The People Solomon and O'Brien found that software piracy didn't seem to be much of a problem until microcomputers made their first major corporate and home appearance about 20 years ago. Rapid proliferation of inexpensive technology certainly does provide an ample arena for an increase in the unethical use of this technology. Today, the pervasiveness of microcomputer and technology use is not limited solely to IS professionals and students. As early as 1984, in his testimony before the US Congress, computer security expert Robert Campbell accused the computer industry of failing to develop the necessary ethical framework for IT use. He went on to say that the technology had already breached the boundaries of the professional arena and proliferated into the public domain. Today, technology use spans the widest possible range of activities and often begins at home at an early age. The Internet promises to push this trend forward at a rapid pace. In spite of this growth in use, many people who us e technology at home and at work still find it to be a new and rapidly changing phenomenon. As a result, for many users of IT today, just learning how to use this volatile technology is the most important, and often the only, consideration; ethics and other related concerns are relegated to the distant background.

Willy Loman is No Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death of a Salesman Essays

Willy Loman is No Tragic Hero in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman In Arthur Miller’s essay about â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man,† he argues that the common man is as appropriate a subject for tragedy as the very highly placed kings and noble men. Mankind keeps tragedy above all forms because they are given the same mental abilities as the nobles. In â€Å"Death of a Salesman†, Willy Loman is a common man and a middle class worker, enough saving to provide food for his family. So if the tragic hero can be a common man, does Willy fit in that category? Even though he is a common man he fails to live up to the standards of being a tragic hero because he never accepts nor admits to his own errors. He, therefore, loses his dignity. One of his biggest errors is his failure of be a good father. Willy Loman’s character is capable of making errors. He believes he is a very successful salesman and well liked. He also thinks that the company likes what he is doing. He once said, â€Å"I’m the New England man. I am vital in New England† (Miller pg. 32) Because of his false belief about his success Howard fired him. After he got fired charley offered him a job, but he refuses to accept, because he is too proud and jealous to work for Charley. His actions were wrong because at no time was a successful salesman. He is not a powerful character. Willy lives in his fantasies where he is the man. Who goes out to another place and comes out rich, he is love by everyone and admired by his family. In real life, he is lazy and does not live up to his own ideals. â€Å"As Aristotle explains, a tragic hero must be one of noble character and must fall from power and happiness.†(Www.ccd.rightchoice.org/lit115/poetics.html) but Willy neither has a noble characteristi c nor does he fall from power because he does not have a position of power. According to Miller, a tragic hero is someone who dies for personal dignity. Willy does die for his dignity. â€Å"Those who act against the scheme of things that degrades them.†(Miller. Tragedy of the Common Man) Willy, in his ideas and action of committing suicide, fits in that category. In act 2, Willy reveals his desires to win back Biff’s respect by committing suicide.

Brown Tufted Capuchin

Brown Tufted Capuchins are New World primates from South America. They are one of the most widespread species of primates in the neotropics. Like other capuchins, these are social animals, forming groups of eight to ten individuals, and are led by a dominant male. The Tufted Capuchin is more powerfully built than the other capuchins, with rougher fur and a short, thick tail. In the wild they spend most of their time in trees. The goal of my study is to determine whether Brown Tufted Capuchins in zoos spend more time on the ground or off the ground.I did my observations on the Capuchin Troop, which is composed of 7 monkeys, 4 males and 3 females, ranging from the ages of 20 to 23 years old. Their enclosure contains different types of logs, ropes, boxes, rocks, and other materials that are part of their behavioral enrichment. Its measurements are 3. 81L, 3. 8W, 4. 57H and 8. 84L, 3. 8W, 4. 57H. Their diets consist of New World Monkey Chow and mixed vegetables. They are fed every mornin g before 10:30 a. m. and every afternoon after 2:30 p. m. My observations started on September 15th, 2010 and ended October 7th, 2010.I conducted them using the instantaneous sampling method, in which I recorded behaviors in three-minute intervals every 1 minute over an hour. I observed a different monkey every day, recorded every time it got on or off the ground and how much time they spent in each. After concluding my 30 hours of observations and carefully analyzing them, I determined that the capuchin troop spends more time on the ground than off the ground. They spent 10 hours, 31 minutes, and 29 seconds off the ground and 11 hours, 13 minutes, and 31 seconds on the ground. The results I obtained are much different than the ones I would have obtained doing observations in the wild. Although they spend much time foraging on the ground, Tufted Capuchins spend most of their time on trees.REFERENCES1. Article: Hass, M. , Buzzell, C. , Konick, A. J. , Phillips, K. A. 2003. â€Å"Soc ial learning and the acquisition of tool use in brown capuchin monkeys† The Ohio Journal of Science pA-7.2. Internet: Gron KJ. 2009 April 17. Primate Factsheets: Tufted capuchin (Cebus apella) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology . . Accessed 2010 October 13. http://www. rollinghillswildlife. com/animals/c/capuchinbrowntufted/index. html