Intro to Linguistics Essay

The delay of forgiving speech chats including the influence of superstar deli very(prenominal) on other how linguistic communication and quarrel argon make and form within time the rules of the linguistic communication- how terminology be fakeed, the structure of sentences and delivery relationship amid culture and language how language is acquired- the subroutine of language acquisition (foreigner verses incur spiel language). in that respect ar ii approaches/types of lingual scientistics 1. Traditional philology- the provided field that ruled until the 20 century. 2. Modern linguistics Traditional linguistics.Characteristics 1. Proscriptive approach- according to this approach, linguists tell homegrown intercommunicateers how to intention their own acquire clapper- what argon the rules set norms of/ dictating the right intention of the language, the rules and the right use of the language- educating the native speakers. The polish is to tell the speakers what is considered right or wrong language. 2. localise on the written language- Most of the concenter is on the written schoolbook, which is considered superior to the verbalize language the base of the rules. 3.Diachronic Research (etymology) Historical research- the learn of the origins of intelligences and languages, which reveals approximately connections betwixt opposite languages. Due to technological developments, the influence of peerless language on a nonher is even higher these days. Modern Linguistics At the beginning of the 20 century, at that place was a shift of rice beer to the pastime The valet de chambre languages atomic number 18 to a greater extent(prenominal) complex and highly divergent than animal communication systems- due to amazing cognitive human communication office (the language faculty).A retiren Swiss linguist, Ferdinand de Sassure- the firstborn linguist to pose the following question what do we know when we know a lang uage (mother tongue)? By chooseing this question the focus of linguistics was shifted from grammar to the study of human language as a cognitive gr annihilate power (cognitive science). The focus shifted to giberess faculty ( ) and what it consists of. Characteristics 1. Descriptive approach- we observe native speakers use the language, both in writing and in speaking, and try to draw conclusions out of it- retard about the changes that the language undergoes through time.Not interested in what should be, scarce p disturbably in what IS. There is no judgment of the use, practiced watching and description of the current use, in order to analyze and contract correlations. 2. Focus is on the spoken language- capitulum of de lift offure is that the spoken language is more important to the research because of the following * It is less conscious, more natural, spontaneous and dynamic and thitherfore it reflects better the current use of the language. * Not both languages bu zz off a written system, hardly every unmatchable has at least iodin mother tongue language.* The written language is less natural- sensation needs to study it in a very logical way whereas the spoken language mother tongue is acquired in a natural routine, common to everyone (norm eithery in the early years of 3-4). 3. Synchronic Research (current) the focus is non on the origin/History of the course tho on the current use of the intelligences today. We be less interested in what happened but kinda in what is happening today. Knowing The whereas knowing about 07/11/11 Linguistic Fields 1. Phonetics- the study of linguistic departs ( excessively c wholeed phones) which ar consisted of consonants and vowels.The focus is on the articulation and pronunciation of sounds (independent of the letter/ graphics). How the sound is produced. It is independent of the letters (which is ripe the graphics). How we produce and perceive sounds. 2. Phonology- deals with sounds in fundam ental interaction, and when they ar brought together into wrangle- they usu completelyy pretend apiece other. Cats(s), dogs(z)- mostthing very systematic- ( )) 3. Morphology- examines course structure, and the shipway words are added into our vocabulary, i. e. how we form new words.Ex- dis/content/ed/ness (the parts are also called Morphemes- small units of words) 4. Syntax- deals with sentence structure and the humbleing of sentences. We also examine differences surrounded by languages- the order of verb and its airfield, adj, nouns etc. In rundown, we examine Syntaxic Processing , for utilisation Without her contributions/ are hard to find. At first glance- it looks like more or lessthing is missing in the sentence, when really we did not process it in the right way- we cigaret look at the sentence as without her, contributions are hard to find.5. Semantics- the study of sum- both of words and sentences, and the logic behind them. 6. Pragmatics deals with me aning in context- how we understand one another beyond what is actually said (the use of the language). For fashion model do you accommodate the time? One wont answer yes but rather tell the person what time it is. Not like the dry literate meaning, Pragmatics deal with the actual use of language meaning in context- beyond the literate words that were actually said. 2 - * 6 ( = 6 ) * 6 ( = ) 7. Discourse Analysis- Like Pragmatics, this also examines the use of language, but the focus is on the text. Written vs. spoken text Narratives vs. expository text the use of conjunctions types of text diametric tenses complex vs. simple sentences the length of sentences vocabulary etc. 8. Language acquisition- we examine the process of acquiring a language- mother tongue and indeed foreign languages.How baberen acquire their mother tongue so briskly? How does the process happen? Which words are produced first etc. It is colligate to all the other field s mentioned above. 9. Neuro Linguistic- examines how linguistic experience is represented in the brain. For example aphasia- brain injury that affects the part of the brain that understands linguistics. 10. Psycho Linguistic- a very large-scale field that examines the correlation surrounded by language and psychological cognitive processes (for example lexical retrieval).Sometimes one meaning of a word is more prominent than the other, depending on the context. For example bug- insect/ computer related problem. The field also examines what happens when in that location is no context- how we associate betwixt words and its meanings. For example word priming- Duck-(goose/ book)- the word duck primes with goose, faster than with the word book. 11. Historical Linguistics- examines the evolution of languages, the origin of words, and the relation between languages- how they genetically related to one another (Etymology). 12.Computational Linguistics-deals with building artificial in telligence, creating models that try to result how language works and use it in unalike applications. Related to the carrying out of linguistics. Information extraction, more practical. (for example Google translate). 13. Clinical linguistics ( )- the use of linguistic tools for speech therapy, for people who take hold language disorders (both kids and adults). 14. Social Linguistics- the field that examines the interaction between language and society (socio economic and cultural factors).Socio-linguistics We tick off between dialects- different varieties of the kindred language, as a result of m all factors. Types of Dialects- 1. geographic Dialect-changes according to region (city, country). In the states on that point are so many different dialects, depending on the area one grew up in. 2. Sociolect-typical for a definite group in the society, which has its own social, economic and cultural characteristics. 3. Idiolect-dialect that is typical to an mortal. It is both (prenominal)times gradual, and we dont always notice it. Usually bases on imitation. apiece of us speaks a little bit differently (intonation, pronunciation, vocabulary etc). 21/11/11 Linguistic intimacy- every 4-5 year old throw out speak the mother tongue language. Where does the ability to understand and speak a language comes from? The 2 opposed approaches argue on the source of that ability/knowledge Is it innate (genes) or acquired (comes from the purlieu, stimulates, feed post)? Two opposed currents in science, which throw great debate on the nature of human knowledge in general. They argue on the source of the human knowledge 1.Empiricism ( earth-closet plight Hume) -every person comes to the world, as a clean slate- run through no knowledge, which heart and soul that human knowledge equals the sum of examines. Nothing is innate, we are only furnished with the ability to respond. eitherone are born equal- with nothing innate. This message humans atomic number 50 be shaped- their thought disregard be manipulated using feedback and exposure. 2. freethinking (Decardes)-claim that human knowledge does not equal the sum of experiences we are born with some innate material- we are furnished with some ability, to which experience is added.Experience is not the only thing either people are equal, but this equation is based on richness- we all parcel something very basic and innate, to which environment is added. At the beginning of the second half of the 20 century, the argument of human knowledge continued with regards to the human language mother tongue (different theories) Behaviorism- As continuance of Empiricism- there was a current called Behaviorism (BF skinner, wrote the Verbal Behavior, 1957). B. F. muleteer claimed, based on Empiricism, that Linguistic knowledge is based solely on exposure and the ability to react- to learn from experience. That means everything is acquired, nothing is in the Genes. Skinner also claimed we expand our sets of sentences, by analogy (differ in only one thing- thus it is able to expand ones use with the other). For example a kid only perceive John ate an apple- but he pull up stakes be able to create the following sentence John ate an Orange using Analogy.This means, we learn and use language, by exposure +analogy. - In the following sentences, configuration of who does what changes (relationships between the entities) when ever-changing the word told to promise and still, it is automatically understood by a sister in his mother tongue John told bill to clean the direction John promised heyday to clean the live. How? -analogy is not decent to explain the above. -Noam Chomsky (Influenced from Rationalism wrote the Syntactic Structures, 1957) -a linguistic who argued against Skinners observations, claiming Analogy is not enough and we have to assume inborn/innate linguistic knowledge, common to all human beings ( disregarding of their language or culture), which is also k nown as the assumption of innateness. The experience and the feedback are mapped on to these language biological properties (encoded in our genes). The experience and feedback are not enough to explain mother tongue knowledge We have to add it to something innate. Language is partially innateEvidence Chomsky proposed to apply his theory 1. Properties of human languages (natural languages, animals communication systems are excluded)- * Homogeneity- except for pathological compositors qualitys, all human beings acquire at least one mother tongue more or less at the same time regardless of their region, culture, socio-economical condition etc. This implies there is something biological in the acquiring of a mother tongue language- we are all the same. * Infiniteness- language is infinite- we have the ability to produce and understand an endless cast of sentences, including sentences that we have never comprehend beforehand.We have the ability to expand the language (for example- we never count to 1,000,000 but we can). * Identical properties across languages- there are some properties that all languages allocate (therefore- it has to be in the genes, otherwise how can it be explained? ). For example * All languages have nouns and verbs thus, it has to be some inborn categories. * Universal grammer rules/structures, that all languages share * John said that bloody shame bought a car. What did John affirm Mary bought? * Bill said that John said that Mary bought a car. What did Bill say that John said that Mary bought?* John spread the hearsay that Mary bought a car. What did John spread the rumor that Mary bought? incorrect sentence- any speaker will know this sentence is ungrammatical- impossible in face. What prevents speakers of using the above structure intuitively (in other languages as well)? Chomsky claimed that there are universal constraints (in all grammer of all languages) that prevent it. 28/11/11 2. Properties of the process of language ac quisition (mother tongue) * Process is quick and efficient- babe has to acquire a very complex system of rules, and he does it by the age of 4-5.By the age of 5 he already know the language (in comparison to the long and complex process of learning a foreigner language). It shows that there is something innate behind it, otherwise- it would have been a quick process also when learning foreigner language. * Critical period/age- there is a certain age in which the shaver must(prenominal)iness be overt to a language (the innate system has to be stimulated, activated), in order to acquire it- the age is usually around 6-8, and in some extreme cases it can go until adolescence (16).If it was not activated during the critical period, the child will have no mother tongue- he will have no grammer. He will be able to communicate in a basic function, but without the richness and infinity of the mother tongue acquisition, since the brain is no longer elastic enough to acquire a mother ton gue. The issue of critical period provides support for the importance of both exposer and innate theories. Chomsky agrees that exposer is crucial, but it is crucial to activate innate abilities.If it was only exposer it would have been possible to acquire a mother tongue at any age. * Process is spontaneous/ immune against external interference- the process happens by itself and the instructor/ parent cannot manipulate it. MCNeal (1964)-research that shows you cannot manipulate childs grammer, it will in the end change by itself with exposer. * Identical stages across languages- children acquire their mother tongue in parallel stages across linguistics, more or less at the same time, regardless of the language.This shows that there is some biological aspect to the process of mother tongue acquisition we have to assume something innate in order for the process to be so universal. (First they babble, then acquire first words, combining 2 words together, then start using sentences). * need of stimuli- stimuli(the input) is poor- it is not enough to explain hitly how a child acquires and get the hang his mother tongue a. The stimuli is partial and consists of errors- the child can never be exposed to everything, still he makes up sentences he has never heard before.What he is exposed to is limited, all the same what he can produce is endless. In addition, the stimuli consist of errors- he child doesnt always listen to complete/ grammatical correct sentences the input he hears consists of partial sentences and grammatical errors even the children know how to filter the errors and eventually acquire a perfect grammer. b. There is no teaching- the process of acquiring a mother tongue involves no methodological and pedagogical process (in regard to grammer). c. No negative evidence- there are mistakes that no child will ever make, even though he is not told ahead not to make them.For example John thinks he is smart (he can be either John or somebody else) VS. He thinks John is smart (he can never relate to John). When examining language acquisition, we visualize children making many mistakes, but no child will ever use the second sentence when he wants to refer to John. No child will make much(prenominal) mistakes to begin with- they just know, without being told ahead. De Sassure was the first one to ask what do we know when we know a language? What does it mean to know a language? He distinguished between the following terms * Langue-the rules of the language, that are agreed upon by some society.The rules of a language, but from a social point of positioning (a social term). * Parole-everything we use or say- the way we actually use the language (What we actually do, language wise). Linguists are generally more interested in the Langue (the knowledge). De Sassure didnt relate to the question of innateness- what abilities, if any, we have in our minds 12/12/11 Noam Chomsky used 2 other terms competency vs. writ of execution. 1. P erformance the same as Parole performance is how we actually use the language what we actually spell out or say. 2. Competence is not exactly the same as Langue.Both relate to the rules of the language, but Langue is about the society, the community (grammer is something social, that we all agree on- social interaction creating social agreement) and Competence is about the individual (the system one has in his mind some of it comes from the genes and some from the environment). Competence is the ability that each of us has to produce and understand an endless number of sentences. Every speaker of every language, has the ability (whether it is innate or not). The point of view of Chomsky and De Sassure is different when relating to the rules of the language.In modern linguistics- the focus is on the Langue- competency and not directly what we say/do with the language (the main goal is to crack the black box and understand how the system works). The performance is the mean to learn a bout the competency, not the direct end. It teaches us/indicates about the competence the way we speak or write tells us about how the knowledge is organized in ones mind. The main question that linguists ask is what does competence consist of? Chomskys Model UG+EXPOSER= G. Chomsky assumes innateness and that language faculty is to some extent universal (some things are common to all languages).He Offers a SPECIFIC model for this question When a child is born he is in the initial state. In this state, he has some specialised knowledge, overlap by all languages Universal Grammer (UG) it is the grammer that is common to all languages. In addition to the difference in vocabulary, there are grammatical differences between languages by the end of the critical period, he has more than the UG, he ends up with busy Grammer (PG, G)- specific grammer of a specific language. There are many Gs, as many as the number of languages in the world.A child is equipped with universal grammer, commo n to all languages, and during the first years he is exposed to his mother tongue and how it takes place (feedback, corrections, mistakes etc)- and acquires particular/specific grammer. UG+EXPOSER= G. The G is a combination of something innate and something that comes from the environment. What does the UG consist of? According to Chomskys model, UG consists of deuce things 1. Principles- rules that are innate and that are common to all languages (things that dont change at all from one language to another, such as the conception of rhinal consonants).2. Parameters- those are also rules that are innate, and are also part of universal grammer but in contrast to principals, these are open rules, whose value (fillings) are acquired during the exposer. The set are not common to different languages, thence they have to be acquired via exposer. For example in all language there is a vanquish in every sentence but in some languages the domain must be a separate entity- which means th e take position is always occupied vs. in some languages the subject can be dash offped ( side of meat does not allow the dropping of a subject cant say ate an apple.We must add a subject vs. Hebraical- represents the subject. In the cut language, we are not allowed to drop the subject, even when it is known who did the action Jai mange la pomme- the French ai is like the Hebrew , yet we still cannot drop the J we have to have a separate entity for the subject). This parameter is called the Null subject parameter ( )- The Parameter the subject must be gauged on an individual basis The Values of the Parameter (that has to be filled- determined through the acquisition process) Yes or No.In Hebrew and Italian the value is no (in some cases, we can have a sentence without a subject), in English and French the value is Yes. During the critical period, the child is exposed to the data in his mother tongue and they acquire the determine to the fixed parameters (the paramete r is innate, its values though are not innate- they change from language to language and acquired in the childs critical period). Another Parameter is * It is hot outside- * It seems that connect is late- * There is a cat in the room- In English the circumstance of the pronouns (functioning as the sentences subject) it and there is a must they cannot be dropped (it is not grammatical, although one will be perfectly understood if hell say it) in Hebrew, we can drop them. Even though semantically we dont need the subject, in English it must be filled. These pronouns are called Expletive / Pleonastic Pronouns- pronouns that do not refer to an entity, but theyre only function is to fill the subject position. They HAVE NO SEMANTIC ROLE, THEY ARE ONLY THERE TO FILL THE POSTION OF THE SUBJECT.We distinguish between pleonastic pronouns and referential pronouns, which refer to some kind of entity (he, she, w, they etc). It and There are not always swearing pronouns- they can also f unction as referential pronouns It is hot outside ( oath) vs. I cant eat the soup, (referential) the cat is there (referential) vs. there is a cat in the room (expletive). We can relate to it as two parameters 1. Parameter an expletive pronoun exists values yes/no. (In English- yes, in Hebrew- no). 2. Parameter a subject is a must values yes/no.(We can say that if a language must have a subject, it will necessary have Expletive pronouns and transgression versa If the subject is not a must- there are no expletive pronouns. there might be, but they will not be a must). The two things come together- * Cluster of properties- The Parameters come in clusters- one affects/ can teach about the other. The existence of Principles and Parameters strengthens the hypothesis of innateness, because it shows the go onrence of certain grammer structures is not random- there is something consistent across different languages, which therefore must be predetermined, innate.19/12/11 Some languages req uire an independent subject and in addition- they have expletive pronouns (it seems that the quiz will be difficult- expletive this soup is not tasty because it is cold. The it is referential- points to an entity). Proposition Stranding and Pied Piping Who did you speak to? can also be asked as followed To whom did you speak? - These are two possible grammatical structures that manifest the same idea. It is not possible in Hebrew This construction is called- Preposition Stranding- you desert the proposal of marriage by itself leaving the proposition by itself at the end of the sentence. It can be viewed as a parameter, differentiating languages. Another construction/parameter is Pied Piping- locating the proposition at the beginning of the sentence. This parameter is valued yes in both English and Hebrew (allowed in both languages). Material for the quiz is up to here -Phonetics and Phonology- These are both fields that deal with sound and specifically linguistic sou nds (phones- ) sounds that are parts of a language. Phones are divided into consonants (b, l, r, m) and vowels (e, a, i ). The preeminence doesnt refer to the letters, but to the sounds that are used naturally/ automatically.(Since the same sound can be expressed/ represented by different symbols/letters, for example the sound K- is represented by 4 letters k, c, q, ch. We will refer to all 4 as K). In Phonetics- Different sounds are examined in different languages how they are produced and how they are perceived- it is a technical field regarding how pronunciation works.One sound can be expressed/ represented by different symbols/letters or one letter u represents many sounds university, fur, put, cut etc. Conclusion there is no correspondence between sound and symbol. Phonetic systems (systems of symbols- used for transcription- write exactly as you here it- distinguish between spell and pronunciation) 1. global Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) a system of symbols, used mainly by lingu ists, in which every sound corresponds to one symbol and vice versa. 2. American Phonetic Alphabet (APA) similar, yet competing system to the IPA.These are two similar, yet competing, artificial languages/ systems, dealing with the ambiguity of the languages/ with the lack of correspondence between sound and symbol. Both systems are based on English letters, other than spare sounds/exceptions (that have no one specific letter in English that prescribe them) such as * in order to indicate/ write down sh we use stretched big s (IPA) or s(APA)- (the should be exonerate side down) * ch= t+stretched big S with a bow on top of them (IPA) or c (APA) * for th (such as in thin) = 0 with a line across it (APA+IPA) 26/12/11 A token(prenominal) check- * big- pig * sing- sang.* dean- teen (The only difference is the phone- t vs d. The spell is irrelevant) * knight- light These words are different in meaning, yet they are different in only one sound. The switch of the consonant g/ p chang es the meaning of the word. This kind of word couple ups are called token(prenominal) pair-a pair of words that differ from one another in meaning and in one phone (sound) only. (Only one difference in pronunciation- the spelling is irrelevant) * night- knight are not a minimal pair, because there is no difference in pronunciation. Phoneme- Phoneme- a minimal linguistic unit that can change the meaning.One of the goals of recognizing minimal pairs is to recognize the basic sounds in a language, that can cause a change of meaning. We use the tool of minimal pairs to identify and distinguish between the Phonemes of a language. Aspirated consonant ( ) * Spy vs. pie- when we pronounce pie, there is a greater puff of air when pronounced. This is also the case in stole vs. tall (in tall we puff much more air). These are aspirated consonants, which are marked with a little h on top of the consonant. They are two types for the same consonant- the regular and the aspirated one, where we puff a greater amount of air (pie tall).Are the aspirated consonants phonemes? (Can they distinguish between a minimal pair? -can we find a pair of words that the only difference between them is aspirated consonant vs. non-aspirated). In English, there is no such pair yet in the Hindi language we can find several examples. Conclusions 1. In English, they are not phonemes (vs. Hindi), because they can never come to pass in the same environment/location of the word, which means they are 2 manifestations/versions of the same thing. We can presage in which environment/ when the aspirated consonant will supervene. 2. marginal pairs are used to distinguish between phonemes and also to determine which consonants and vowel are not phonemes. 2/1/2012 Pig big (minimal pair) vs. Pie, spy (not a minimal pair since there are 2 differences in pound). In English, aspirated and regular Complementary Distribution- these two sounds never occur at the same environment/ same location of the words, which means they are two manifestations of the same thing of the phone p. This means P is the phoneme which has two manifestations aspirated and regular (non-aspirated). This means that this phone has two allophones.Two ways of language representation- 1. Phonemes- the general term for linguistics sounds. These are the basic sounds of a language, and are language specific (are not the same in different languages). They are part of the Underlying Representation (UR) the way and the place words and sounds in specific, are represented in our mind- in the backstage- accost representation. The phoneme has two manifestations one is the actual p and the other is the aspirated one. 2. What we actually say are allophones. Allophones are in the Phonetic/ Representation (PR) what comes out of our mouths (articulation).Every phoneme is also an allophone, but not the other way around Thus, there are some things that are represented in the PR, yet are not represented in the UR (like the aspir ated p). In the Ur we have the regular P phoneme, which has two manifestations in the PR In English, the only case we see an aspirated P is in the beginning of a word and before a vowel (both must occur together). In all other case the P will not be aspirated. For example Possible, put, pink, pan, etc. vs. apply, spring, institute etc. This means the aspirated P has no independence existence- we can predict its occurrence.The default is the regular P and only in a specific environment will have an aspirated P. The aspirated P doesnt exist in the UR Another example is regular N vs. the back N They cannot distinguish between minimal pairs in English- will never occur in the same environment. We will find the back n only before the sounds k and g- in specific environment, which is predictable. For ex bank, Bangkok, rank, chunk, rang, ring, thanks, bring. The normal N is the default will occur everywhere else, except for before the sounds g and k sounds.These two allophones are two ve rsions of the same thing (of the one phoneme) that never occur in the same environment- complementary distribution. N is the phoneme, which has two allophones n and back n. We can predict exactly where each of the manifestations will occur. * The phoneme is in the UR and the allophones are in the PR. * The default is always in the UR The phoneme. * The allophones are always in complementary distribution- meaning they never occur in the same environment and will never distinguish between minimal pairs.You can nver find in English 2 words where the only difference between them will be n and back n. * Minimal pairs are the tools to identify phonemes. Distinctive Features 1. Aspiration The pair pal- pal (with aspirated p) in Hindi these two words are different in meaning and in one phone only. In specific, they are different in one feature only aspirated vs. non-aspirated. This means, they constitute a minimal pair (In Hindi). Aspiration this feature in Hindi contradictory the Engli sh, we have both because they have independent existence- each of them is a phoneme on its own.Aspiration this feature in Hindi, unlike English, is a Distinctive Feature- a feature that distinguishes between 2 phonemes in the same language and as a result it can create a difference between minimal pairs. Aspiration is not a classifiable feature in Hebrew and English. It is a distinctive feature in Hindi language. 2. give tongue to ( )- Dean Teen d- Is a voice (+voice) consonant ( ) and t is voiceless (- voice). This feature, called voicing, creates different meaning in both words. Thus, it is a distinctive feature in English, because it can distinguish between minimal pairs.Minimal pair- a minimal pair is a pair of words that differ from one another in one meaning, 1 phone (sound) only, and the 2 phones must be different in one feature 9/1/2012 Phonetic features of consonants- What makes sound/phones different from one another? Linguistic sounds are called phones, and are divid ed into consonants and vowels. The difference between the two in the production of vowels the air flows freely, however in the production of consonants the air is blockade to some extent. The speech organs- body organs that are involved in the production of phones (Lips, tongue, nose, teeth, and palate).Generally, the following are involved the oral cavity and the nasal cavity ( ). The consonants differ from one another according to 3 criteria 1. infinite of articulation- the location in which the air is blocked and the consonant is produced (B- in the lips T- in the tongue P-in the lips and teeth) 2. Manner of articulation ( ) relates to the manner of the air flow and the course of blocking. For example n- blocked in the nose. 3. Voicing- relates to the vibration/ the lack of vibrat.

Dong Qichang, in the Shade of Summer Trees, 17th Century, Ming Dynasty

This portraying is from the Ming Dynasty, and very clearly depicts and captures the essence of The Southern School, or Literati painters. The first thing to note is the overall composition of the scene. First and for the first time it is a landscape film. The colors argon very monochrome the quadriceps femoris is str and so oned to reveal a depth to the word picture that the eye apprisenot capture and thither is stillness to the art that embraces constitution and serenity of life. In the right-hand recess of the painting there is calligraphy.The calligraphy lacks the precision, unless is very clear in its form, much like the depiction within the painting itself. There are three men in the painting. The men are at go and are almost lost in the painting. The men do not seem distinct from their surroundings but rather just another(prenominal) natural element in the bigger go through. The men are in poses that do not suggest positions that can be held for long periods of time , but rather only a moment. The men appear to be marveling at their surroundings as they look out into the vast wilderness. Above them, and hole-and-corner(a) behind trees, there is a building. full like the men, the nature and trees get the better of the structure itself, clearly defining the more important and powerful of the two. Just below the men, there is a waterfall. The water appears to be making its steering downward winding its way through the clusters of rocks. Water, representing the source of life, flows in this painting with great force, capturing the vitality and life of an individual moment in nature. This painting possesses a narrative emphasizing nature and the life that exists beyond worldity existence. It is the influence of nature on the human and not the influence of the human on nature.While the painting lacks the formal resemblance we recognize from photographs or our own perception, there is an overall impression that the viewer is left with a true intr oduction to nature, and an intimate glimpse into a particular moment. The painting takes what the eye can see and extends it further, to a realm that cannot be captured by someone unless they have the patience and diligence to see beyond the distinct and capture more than the eye permits. Dong Qichang is revealing his discovery of nature and its importance and relevance to himself at a particular moment in time.There is an inner truth and realization that is depicted with every shaft of the brush and as each antithetic element is unveiled, a different realization of life and nature is put down as a record. After attempting to emulate the techniques of Dong Qichang, and create a literati painting utilise the California scenery, I have realized many things. One is that I would never make it as a painter. The other things revolve just about the life of the painting. The painting seems to resonate with a vitality that is captured through the depiction of a moment in time.The wind m oves all the trees, and forces them to take on a life of their own and assume a position that seizes a particular moment, even though the layout and the trees themselves seem to lack the likeness to what we would have a bun in the oven to see in nature. The water is caught in a single moment, and we can see the life in it as it tries to get past the rocks and establish below. We know that the water is only in that particular position for a miniscule amount of time, and we can see that the painting truly captures a very distinct and precise time.The painting shows three men, one of whom is lifting his fort to point to something in the distance, and all three men follow with their heads to the commission of his arm. This is also capturing a single moment in time, and the painting serves as the record for a past event that will never be again, and captures emotions distinct to that moment, that will probably never be felt in the same way again. We can see the instantaneous placemen t of the demoralise creating a fog and with it an illusion of something that is unknown and mysterious.This moment is captured so expertly before the fog can be burned away, or conceal by night, or pushed away with the wind. There is also emptiness in the painting. I did not realize this until I started to try to do a landscape drawing of my own. While the emptiness lacks any objects, it seems to have, or be, purposeful in the painting. It represents something, and is a source to the elements in the painting. It could be the wind that is base the trees, or gravity that is causing the water to fall. The empty part of the picture seems to hold significance to the individual perspective and time of the painting.The artisans personal feelings and reasoning once again captured and recorded in the painting. all in all of this being said, the misgiving of how much of the painting is natural and how much of the painting is artifice arises. I think that the best way to tackle this ques tion is from the largest perspective, and narrowing thereafter. That which the painting references is natural, and that which is within the painting is natural, but the composition and interaction amongst the different elements is artifice. Everything within the painting draws on what is natural trees, water, rocks, mountains, clouds, humans, etc.It is how these elements interact with each other and with the canvas that enriches the painting with artifice. The interaction between the artists thoughts and emotions and nature, are so intertwined that the painting almost masks the artists true feelings with the natural behaviors of the elements. It is when the viewer steps back and looks at the whole painting, that one is able to appreciate the importance this painting plays as a record to an individual moment- both for the artist and its muse, nature.

Life Without Televisions

Life without television receiver When my familys only television set went to the repair shop the a nonher(prenominal) day, my parents, my infant, and I thought we would have a terrible calendar week. How could we get done the long evenings in such a quiet sign of the zodiac? What would it be like without solely the shows to keep us company? We soon realized, though, that reenforcement without television for a era was a stroke of good fortune. It became patrician for all(prenominal) of us to enjoy few activities alone, to complete some postponed problems, and to return rewarding epoch with each other and friends.First of all, with no television to fight for our time, we erect plenty of hours for personal interests. We all read more that week than we had read during the six months before. For instance, I was able to finish The Scarlet letter, a novel assigned in my English class. Also my younger child read 300 pages of the last book of the Twilight series. We each al so enjoyed some hobbies we had ignored for ages. My poppings old ecstasy for gardening returned, and he started planting vegetables in his garden.My mom had time to dissonant her bakery book and bake Italian desserts such as Profiterole and tiramisu. My sister and I played volleyball in the fend for yard, a dramatic play that we loved since we were younger. In addition, my sister and I both(prenominal) stopped procrastinating with our readying. We both found out that it was really helpful to work on homework ahead of time therefore I worked on chapter three and quaternion of my Algebra homework for next week. I also finished my study die for my English test. My sister as well worked on her French and administration assignments.Second we did chores that had been hanging over our heads for too long. There were many jobs around the house that had needed attention for some time. Cleaning our rooms was the first chore we did my sister and I cleaned our entire room and vacuumed the carpet. Then my mom cleaned the replication tops and all the shelves of the kitchen. Finally my dad managed to clean his garage and project all of his tools back on the shelves. We also had a chance to do some long- postponed shopping. My father went to SEARS to buy a sofa that was needed in his room.My mom went to LOWES to buy accessories for her bathroom. My sister and I went to the mall to buy her prom dress and I was able to buy two pairs of jeans and two shirts that I wanted. And each of us also caught up with e-mails and did paperwork that was long overdue. My mom had some office work done, such as sales reports for the committee of her company. My dad finally wrote an e-mail to my grandma that is living in Spain with my aunt Susan. My sister also replied to e-mails from her friends that live in Italy.And I was able to complete my FASFA finishing for the fall semester. Finally, and probably most important, we spent time with each other. sort of of just being in the sam e room together while we stared at a screen, we actually talked for many pleasant hours. My parents and I neer had long conversations before, and during that week, we got to know each other more than we did for the past tail fin years. My sister and I talked more to the highest degree each other and we found out that we have a lot of interests in common. Moreover, for the first time in years, my family played some games together.My sister enjoys playing Monopoly therefore, we played nigh every night. We also played chest, one of my dads favored games. My moms deary game is dominos although my sister terminate up winning every game. And because we didnt have to worry about missing this or that show, we had some family friends over on a jibe of evenings and spent enjoyable time with them. We would play volleyball in the back yard. After several games we would have dinner in the back bench enjoying the lovely weather while listening to classical music.And finally later on dinne r we would make a bonfire and sit around it and guess memories with our friends. Once our television returned, we were not prepared to put it in the attic. unless we had a sense of how it can take over our lives if we are not careful. We are now more selective. We turn on the set for our favorite shows, certain sports events, and the news, but we dont leave it running all evening. As a result, we find we can enjoy television and shut away have time left over for other activities and interests.

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Essay

a. orbitual 1 = In this round I removed lichens from the ecosystems. This would have a huge effect on the ecosystem because they play a role in the creation of soil where plants obtain nutrients. If they atomic number 18 taken out it basis affect trees and flowers which affect bees, because they depend on them. This also effect gentlemans gentleman that depend on the bees for honey and the fruit that the bees help pollinate. b. lag 2 = In this round humans was removed. By removing humans there was a little effect on the ecosystem. We are the top of the viands string and, but our follow throughs do more damage past good for the environment.c. Round 3 = In this round bees was removed. This is a huge problem in todays environment and effects the pollination of plants. Because of the removal of bees it sincerely affects the ability of plants to produce fruits, which allow humans food. d. Round 4 = In this round flowers was removed. This was an affects to the ecosystem because flowers deliver food for bees. Bees provide honey and pollinate plants. Because of the removal of flowers it eventually removes bees which effect humans and the food chain. 2.Provide one action we as humans engage in that leads to the extinction of each of these components. process touching Lichens = Humans affect lichens with air pollution, industrialization and the introduction of sec dioxide can kill lichens. (Air Quality and Lichens, 2014) motion affecting Trees = Humans film editing down trees to use for lumber, and to expand. This deforestation is the largest way for humans to affect trees. activeness affecting Flowers = The way humans are affecting the flowers is by everywhere population and polluting the air with automobiles that can produce acid rain.Action affecting Bees = The actions that humans take to affect bees is by destroying habitats, 3. Provide three specialized actions that humans can take to minimize our impact on the ecosystem and image the survival of lichens, trees, flowers, and bees. Action 1 = Humans can reduce the join of pollution that produced by using more efficient automobiles and public transportation. Action 2 = Humans can reduce the tote up of pollutants the produce by using more efficient automobiles and public transportation.Action 3 = The an opposite(prenominal) action they can do to minimize the impact on the ecosystem is to reuse this ordain save the need to destroy habitats for more resources. Experiment 1 Diversity of Plants Table 2 egress of Each Plant Species look in Pot 1 and Pot 2 Species Observed Number in Pot 1( sunlightlight) Number in Pot 2(shade) Zinnia 2 1 Marigold 2 2 Morning Glory 3 1 Cosmos 8 4 Ryegrass 3 2 replete(p) Number of Species in Pot 18 10 POST research laboratory QUESTIONS 1. Develop a hypothesis on which pot you believe will contain the highest bio innovation.Hypothesis = I believe that the plants that are in the sun will develop the highest biodiversity. 2. Based on the results of your experiment, would you reject or abide the hypothesis that you produced in question 1? Explain how you determined this. undertake/Reject = I accept my hypothesis because the flowers that I grew in the planter that I placed in the sun made the most flowers and unalike types. 3. If each pot was a sample you found in a group of wildflowers, would you determine based on the diversity of flowers that the ecosystem is healthy?why or why not. Answer = I was so impressed with the amount of flowers that grew in both environments. In my determination based on the diversity of flowers that the ecosystem is healthy. There was actually a lot of plants in both of the environment but of course the ones in the sunlight had a healthier ecosystem. 4. How does biodiversity grant to the overall health of an ecosystem? Provide specific examples and utilize at least(prenominal) one scholarly resource to back your answer. Answer = Biodiversity is very great to the health of an ecosystem.The gr eater species diversity is it ensures in caryopsised sustainability for all life forms. It provides natural services such as soil protection, water resources, pollution breakdown, food, medical examination resources, and future resources, according to Shah (2014). She states Each species depends on the services provided by other species to ensure survival. It is a type of cooperation based on mutual survival and is often what a balanced ecosystem refers to(2014). Crops are used to feed cattle, then the cattle waste nourishes the crops.Crops, as well as yielding grain also yield straw , the straw provides organic matter and fodder, crops are therefore food sources for humans and animals then the soil and organisms such as bacteria and algae serve as nitrogen fixers. Rodents, then activate the soil and improve its water-holding capacity Spiders, centipedes and insects grind organic matter from the get up soil and leave behind enriched droppings. This large biodiversity is accentua l to maintaining health crops and animals for the food supply.

Technology in Schools Essay

While whatever may argue that applied science clear decrease the engagement of the students and may seriously mess up childrens informational metabolism (Source C), if utilize in the practiced environment and context, engineering can, in occurrence, engage students even more. When recitationd in an educational way, a laptop or t able-bodiedt can be exactly what a student needs to get their undivided attention. Kids already live in a day and age where the internet and its mountains of information ar available at the touch of a finger.When they go to drill and be forced to use traditional dictionaries and encyclopedias, its like being reinserted patronise to the Stone Age. Why not build 2 that Empire gamy School in Arizona is making the laptops the key ingredient of the measure. By adjusting school to the students needs, you can make them more engaged. Some critics of this applied science claim that the internet is a scary place that its also total of lies, garbage, and pornography so revolting you cant even describe. (Source E). Havent you ever heard of network filters? Apparently not.However, despite their doubts, there are many ways to visit that the students are kept on track and stay away from these oh-so Cary websites. Besides, its not like this is a new problem most schools have com frameers quick available for their students to use and have already solved this problem finished previously stated methods. At this point theres no arguing that technology would only serve to increase the engagement Of the students in the classroom, not incapacitate it. Another aspect to consider is whether or not the technology will increase the ease of reading in the classroom.By allowing students to access the internet to legislate with the teacher and other students, you make the learning process easier. Many schools are allowing students to post assignments online so other students can easily read and review them (Source B). In a way, shifting to technology is like switching to a different tool. Lets say a farmer plants crops using the same tools his family has used for timess. When a new cheaper and more efficient tool comes out it would be irrational for the farmer to continue using his old tools for the sake of tradition.By switching to technology we are changing a task that was once make using pencil and paper, but today belongs to the zeroes and ones source D). Despite the facts, around people are still skeptical and question if this new technology will affect the childrens ability to learn. Writer Esther Tyson asks if the children will Be able to discern cause and effect, put together a coherent bill line, think scientifically, or read a book with a single 3 argument rather than a set of essays? (Source C). This argument is falsified due to the fact that a childs ability to learn isnt solely dependent On the tools they use to do so.This same situation occurred years ago when schools Egan to first put computers in to the classrooms and libraries of schools. These new computers would not be able to determine whether or not one student is better than another. If a student is smart and a hard worker, the different technologies they use to do their work wont change those characteristics approximately them it will only allow them to do what they do faster. While nearly cases might deter the learning process, its obvious that when considering the simplicity of learning in the classroom, technology is the way to go.The last thing to consider when switching to technology is how it will affect he relationship between the teacher and the student. By becoming more technologically capable, the teacher is able to bridge the times gap that once separated the old and the new. For many years there has been a struggle for teachers to feel on the same level as their students and be able to understand what they need in order to learn. With technology, they can become closer to their students and perhaps be a ble to bond with those that once thought of their teachers as nothing more than strangers.Also, it allows students and teachers to communicate outside the classroom through arums and blobs so that the student can get extra financial aid and the teacher can understand what they need to work on. Through this process, the educators are beginning to interact with students, parents, and each other in ways they never have before. (Source B). Through technology, we can better connect students and teachers to make learning more enjoyable. As time goes on the technology that humans expatiate seems to get crazier and crazier. With motion sensing and AD devices, its almost unbelievable that our generation will live to see these things established.

Management theories Essay

serious music focussing surmisal and merciful carnal knowledges scheme have played an vital place in the history of new(a) centering .It is 2 qualitative leap of modern management system. As two relatively complete system of Management theory, determinate Management theory and man relations theory has made its own curious contribution. This essay aims to identify key similarities and differences between two theory by comparing detailed aspects which including focus, the comprehension of expression ,basic assumptions of person and the task of leader, simultaneously, exploring how Classical Management theory and merciful Relations theory can conciliate the incompatibilities between the approaches.Classical Management theory was developed during the Industrial regeneration in order to deal withthe problem about inefficiency in the factories. it in general contained of Weber(1922)s Bureaucratic management,Taylor(1911)s Scientific Management and Fayol(1925)s world-wide Ma nagement Principles. As Taylor (1911) wrote in his books the purpose of scientific management is how earn the maximum efficiency ,these theory highlighted the importance of using scientific and regulate methods in lap upplace stayed out the study will continue to remedy the working methods determine the many principles to operate the organization more efficiently and emphasized the salary as a potential factor of motivation. human race Relation theory was proposed by a America behavioral scientist named mayo (1933) after that Classical Management theory had been presented for nearly 20 age . According to Meyao (1933)the nearly important factor that effected the productivity argon not condition and treatment ,but the human relation in workplace.Human Relation theory stressed the importance of human factors advocated improving passenger vehicles hide individualized skills and changing leadership emphasized the informal organizationClassical Management theory and Human Rel ations theory contain many aspects that sh ar differences and some aspects share similarities. Firstly, on focus,the classical management approach emphasized a concern for task (output).Thus, using the methods of Optimization of techniques and stark management in order to improve workers output is what the classicalmanagement theory contract on. In contrast ,the Human Relations Approach focuses on twain the workers themselves and efficiency, This aimed at increasing the work productivity through satisfaction and collaboration.second ,according to the comprehension of organisational structure .in Classical Management approach . The organizational structure should be formal and clearly. Weber (1922) wrote that an inclinationl administrative structure has characteristics which including a clear organizational division of labor a top-down hierarchy a professional management system and a unforgiving independent rules and discipline. Whereas the Human Relations Theory proposed the p erspective that there is a informal organization existed in enterprise besides formal organization.The role of this formal is to safeguard the common interests of the members so that protect the common interests from surplus loss caused by negligence of internal individual or out-of-door interference. For instance ,a group which the members are not arranged by manager but the reason of which have common values or personal interests is a informal organization.Thirdly ,on basic assumptions of person, the classical approach adopts measureize the methods of working ,as well as training of employees and they worked more like machines. thus , the staff often regarded as economic person in Classical Management theory ,this approach to a fault states that the salary is the save focussing to stimulate the enthusiasm of employees to work .While Human Relations theory proposes hardened staff as social person so that not only does it consider collaboration factor to motivate worker but also views strong worker relationship, recognition and achievement as motivators for increase productivity. Its based on the most popular Maslow(1943)s hierarchy of involve which stated that every person has some ineluctably which affects his performance and motivation. These needs in the order from the most basic are Physiological needs, caoutchouc needs, social needs, Esteem needs and Self-actualization needs. ( Maslow ,1943)Finally ,the task of leadership under classical management theory is to set the staff to set work standards, and supervise employees complete theproject efficiently .While under the Human Relations theory, the task of leader ship was to facilitate cooperation or coordination among the workers while providing service and opportunities for their personal promotion and development and was to be seen as an agent for intra and inter group communication. (Donnelly,2008)Although both two theories on the theoretical though and the approaches are totally differen t. They still contain a few similarities . For example,they both confide in organizations as closed, changeless entities which shared a common point common increased productivity ,It was the final goal either of approaches concentrate on the target that attempted to find the most efficient counseling for arranging and managing tasks.It is difficult to identify which theory is more superior, in most case .modern enterprise associate two management approach to increased productivity. How to balance it is what the leader should ponder. Therefore ,the two major theoretical eyeshot of management theory are well described by Douglas McGregors theory X and theory Y in his book named The Human Side of Enterprise Theory X relates to the classical approach that holds that tribe need, and indeed tend to be directed and controlled .In the meantime ,leaders should use strict rule and punishments to regulated workers behavior. Theory Y relates to the human relations approach, the idea that m anagements task is to create an environment where employees can be innovative and productive or satisfied in the workplace at least.For instances, In 1960s, a new mode of achievement named just in time (also named Lean Production) was implemented Toyota Automotive Corporation .JIT is good combine of two theories. it helps corporation overcome the first energy crisis .The core of JIT is induce timely and appropriately. Equalization and standard production cycle time and standard operating sequence reflect classical management, while Employees can step in in the production process and develop personal initiative. The mode of production also stressing coordination ,this factors reflect thought of Human Relations theory.In the nutshell.As two of the most significant studies in field ofmanagement,Classical Management theory and Human Relations theory have their own particular merits and limitations. the two theories should not be simply isolated, a single and combined together, but to be a relationship of organic whole. Because of diversity of modern economic environment, A good leader should be the one who can balance discordant theories and put into practice depending on different situation.which means none of management theories is superior to the other.ReferenceFayol,H (1949) General and Industrial Management.New York harpist=Taylor,F.W(1911) The Principles of Scientific Management.New York HarperDonnelly,R.(2008) The Role of the Manager. Scotland Pitman Publishing.Donnelly, R. (2000) Schools of Management Thought. Scotland Pitman Publishing.Maslow ,A. H. (1943) A Theory of Human Motivation.New YorkPsychological Review.Mayo,E.(1933) The Social Problems of an Industrial Civilization.Boston HarvardUniversity Press.McGregor,D(1960) The Human Side of Enterprise .New York McGraw-HillBibliographyDavis,R.C. (1951) The fundamentals of Top Management .New York Harper

Portable Players Essay

The innovation set by the Walkman has lead to the presentation of different man- man- movable media for music earshot. This paved the way for the consumers to forever reposition the way they listen to music (Bellis 1). In fact, the Walkman is considered to be the main particle accelerator which prompted many companies to re-invent their products to become handy and mobile. Previously, music and news were only confine in big mechanical boxes sitting inside a live room. No ace ever imagined that a bulky listening catch can actually be turned into something which will fit by rights into ones pocket.The Walkman, with an offshoot of portable CD hunt downers, has greatly special the way peck establish their lifestyles. The establishments of portable media players, especially those which can play music, permit increased a form of mobility for consumers. Practically, it is very obvious that heap are now freer to report on other matters even time listening to their favorite tunes. For most cases, this can equate to great productiveness values in day to day activities. Moreover, having a portable listening device much(prenominal) as a CD player makes ones feelings more invigorated.This can deliberately affect his outlook towards the tasks he is going to do. Aside from that, it is very likely that the convenience of having a portable media player can increase the ability of a person to move with other people. On a person-to-person note, the presence of portable listening devices is actually a two-faceted situation. On the positive side, people now have the option to bring along the music wherever they go and whenever they whitethorn demand for it. Portable media have truly become one favourable way to integrate an entertainment platform defying the limits of previous generations of bulky and romantic music devices.This enriches a persons point of view because of the fact that he can actually make his life enjoyable by listening to his favorite mus ic anytime. On the other side however, having portable media can actually spell some drastic effects towards an individuals nature especially when the use of such devices become uncontrollable. One reason why mobile music players have a positive effect to a persons social life is the fact that they can forgather the personal needs of people.For example, if one needs to relax a trash out of the daily routine work, then a simple chink and popping of headsets to the ears would sustain a change in mood for the founder (Weinberger 1). However, it is also possible that such person, with the right addiction level towards music, whitethorn forget that he is still actually a part of the greater social structure. It is very possible that he will tend to interact less and less with other people, become unproductive at work or even modify an attitude towards obsession.Add to that the fact that portable music players pose a certain degree of health risks. in-person stereo systems may actua lly induce hear loss with widen use according to Canadas Minister of Health. Even the Media knowingness vane is concerned about having music which promotes racism, discrimination and violence which makes it more on hand(predicate) to portable players. Technology is one of the main factors for the development of human society. save sometimes, there are also some consequences that it may induce for people to change their outlook in life, personal feelings and overall philosophy.In such a case, it is important that each person has the capacity to limit himself towards comme il faut a slave for technological advancement in which social fundamental interaction perspectives maybe compromised. As of the moment, the portable music players are still doing its trouble to satisfy the entertainment hunger of the people. It is only a matter of personal evaluation to help an individual look beyond the excitement of having a mobile music treasure box and see other consequences it may bring.Wor ks CitedBellis, Mary. Sony Walkman. About. com. 2008. 27 Feb 2008 . Health Canada, Its Your Health. Minister of Health. 2006. Her Majesty the puff in Right of Canada. 27 Feb 2008 . Media Awareness, Inappropriate Content in Music. Media Awareness Network. 2008. 27 Feb 2008 . Weinberger, Norman. Musica Research Notes. Musica. uci. edu. 1996. 27 Feb 2008 .

Prevention of Teenage Pregnancy Essay

Description Preferred langu mount style English (U.S.). all(prenominal) student will complete a 1520 rascal makeup in which they will treat current get extincts facing adolescents now and how a proponent should deal with these atomic consider 18as. The paper must be in APA style with a minimum of 15 current references (within five forms). This paper is to be 15-20 pages in length, and that means the body of the paper itself - non the title page, abstract, etc.terateraThe matter is Adolescent finishuality ginmill OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY.Adolescent Sexuality PREVENTION OF TEENAGE PREGNANCYNameSchoolUniversityAdolescent Sexuality cake of teenagedage motherhoodAbstract One of the comm one and only(a)st problems faced by pueriles in the several nations, has been the income tax return of preadolescent gestation. Although, the separate of adolescentd maternity are decrease, on that point are still several problems associated with the issue. As adolescent motherl iness can be a huge neighborly issue and more(prenominal) or less of them do non want a baby, much(prenominal) pregnancies can crap a negative impact on the feature of life of the juvenile gibe. The establish in immature motherhood has been referable to several issues including speedy onset of maturity, ampleer occasions of premarital sex, etc. Besides, jejuned maternalism is usually non preferred due to several issues much(prenominal)(prenominal) as greater rank of defects in the developing sister, greater measure of motherly problems, social concerns, difficulties of the mother in bringing up the babe, etc. In all cases, efforts should be made to support the great(predicate) teen misfire rather than ignore her.A jejune maternalism legal profession class should research into several areas that encompass adolescents including grappleer development, education, STDs, contraception, counseling, drug cry, womens wellness, etc. It should see se veral parties including the call forths, politicians, social workers, child and women groups, NGOs, etc. The deuce techniques that are utilized ofttimes implicate temperance and contraception. Studies abide shown that school-based interruption course of study were successful in decreasing the rates of motherliness amongst teens. Efforts should be on to allow the entire ordination in the juvenile maternity ginmill program.There are several factors that whitethorn ca economic consumption the teenager to indulge in carefree informal behavior including social factors, psychological factors, family factors, etc. The advocators should evermore try to admit the parents, family and the entire society in the ginmill programs. If abstinence-based programs seem to be difficult, then the contraception-based programs whitethorn seem to be stiff. The advocate may feed to take up a holistic forward motion in solving the problems of the teens. The advocator should determi ne the characteristics of the teens and accordingly ingestion these characteristics to egg on them further. Teens whose academician achievement is superior may seem to gain more than from maternity pr evetion programs.The teenage pregnancy program should in any case look at dissimilar issues that surround teenagers including STDs, contraceptives, drug abuse, careers, amplyer education, etc. It is in identical manner important that the teenage pregnancy counterion program helps pregnancy teenage girls to quality life with kayoed any problems. They should be taught how to handle the social and family embrace that may develop resulting from unwanted pregnancy. It is important that the teenage program involve the teenagers. The US HHS and the CDC pee shown a parcel of interest in the teenage pregnancy programs in recent social classs.In developing nations, the rates of teen pregnancy are on the rise. On the other hand, in the authoritative nations such(prenominal) a s the US and Canada, the rates of teenage pregnancies are decreasing due to greater wittingness levels. In the US, about 97 per all(prenominal) 1000 teenage girls (usually between the ages of 15 to 19 years) get pregnant each year. intimately of these pregnancies (about three-quarters) are usually not wanted. During the years 1999-2000, the rates of teenage pregnancies befuddle dropped. The rates of teenage pregnancies are about 28 %, and the rate of teenage childbirths is about 21 %. There may be several rea coverions for teenage pregnancies (Weiss, 2000 & Huberman, 2005). These include 1. Girls are maturing faster, now between the ages of 12 to 13 years.2. Teenage sex is very common. Before the girl reaches adulthood in the US, about 80 % of them would have had sex.3. Teenagers are less in all probability to take precautions in order to prevent pregnancy.4. Teenagers are not aware of the reproductive problems that can develop during the pregnancy detail (Weiss, 2000).Teena ge pregnancy can have serious consequences and implications (Weiss, 2000). These include 1. several(prenominal) problems such as miscarriage, neonatal death, stillborn baby, maternal sickness, etc are senior high in teenage girls than in pregnant women.2. Children born from teenage girls have several problems including developmental problems, congential defects, low birth weight, neglect, child abuse, etc.3. Socially, teenage pregnancy is not accepted.4. The teenage mother is more belike not to take care of the child. She is more apparent to smoke, consume excessive alcohol, subject the baby to abuse, etc.5. The government has to spend a huge amount to solve the problems link to teenage pregnancies. These include public wellness problems, housing, assistance, childcare, legal issues (Weiss, 2000).Teenage pregnancy prevention programs should have a specific objectives and goals. Studies have shown that from previous teenage pregnancies that the Socio-economic life, standard of l iving, etc, would be very poor pursual teenage pregnancy. As it is one of the major public health concerns, the politicians should take up the issue on a priority institution. It is important that the teenage parents be back up rather than being ignored. The main goals of any teenage pregnancy program are to 1. To bring down the teenage pregnancy rates by at least 50 % by the year 2010 (this is an objective of the wholesome People 2010).2. To include the teenagers themselves in the program so that the initiatives made bugger off from this group of the population itself. Teenagers should be civilised, trained and employed in the teenage welfare programs. Special emphasis should be made on center on the teenage pregnancy prevention.3. The teenage pregnancy prevention programs should in any case focus on other areas including drug abuse, gynecological issues, career development, counseling, etc. This would ensure that all-round the teenager is given attention.4. Voluntary atte nd tos should be oriented towards understanding teenage behavior and changing them in order to bring about better attitudes and comes.5. Several stakeholders including the politicians, government, judiciary, social welfare groups, public, womens groups, etc, should be involved in these programs.6. Efforts should be organized at the national, regional and the local levels in order to help teenagers to develop appropriate attitudes and behaviors towards teenage pregnancies.7. Adoption of better prevention techniques such as sex education, contraception, avoiding the encounter factors, etc.8. Supporting the teenagers and their parents so as to help them develop a good future. Also, to ensure that the teenagers get appropriate help in knotted situations.9. Ensuring that the pregnant teen mother is given special attention during the pregnancy period. This would ensure that both the mother and the developing child is sinewy and is adequate to(p) to get appropriate medical examinatio n attention. many another(prenominal) may think that in a teenage pregnancy prevention program, the issues relating to the pregnancy period indispensability not be considered. However, this should be an area of focus, as it would help to prevent further problems (Blank, 2003).The Government has begun to include teenage pregnancy prevention programs as one of the priority areas for the social cause. Initially, the government had a lot of problems associated with these programs. However, following a few initial hiccups, these programs have turned out to social welfare the teenagers and their families in developing a fruitful life.One of the programs meant for teenage pregnancy prevention program is the School health Policies and Programs Study 2006 or SHPPS 2006. It is basically performed to study the unlike health programs and policies conduced at the classroom level. in the year 2000, about 45 % of the states deceaseing to various middle schools taught about pregnancy prevent ion, and in the year 2006 it change magnitude to about 59%. With relation to high schools, this figure connatural. The number of hours spent teaching on pregnancy prevention withal varied in high, middle and elementary schools. In high schools it was 3.5 hours, 2.7 in middle schools and 1.3 in elementary schools. In high schools, 2.0 teachers were involve to teach about pregnancy prevention in the year 2000, which increased to 2.6 in the year 2006. or so 38 % of the districts and about 20 % of the states earmarkd about pregnancy prevention services. These services were either provided on a one to one basis or on a group basis. About 28.4 % of the district authority provided for services on the local property rather than on the schools property. About 97 % of the schools provided for pregnancy prevention.About 28.7 % of the schools provided for pregnancy prevention programs through arrangement from outside organizations. The number of staff members who received information als o varied. About 30.6 % of the staff had readiness on pregnancy prevention, 17 % had training on prenatal care and 14 % had training in childcare, 2 years before the program started. 20 % of the psychiatric service staff had training in pregnancy prevention and 13 % had training in child care (SHPPS, 2006).Currently, there are several issues, which could be responsible for promoting teenage pregnancy prevention. umteen of the teenage prevention programs may not be successful, as they do not involve the society as a whole. The program strategy may be such that it escapes some amount of reality jumper lead to a failure. Hence, the social curtain call fored for the program to be a success should be greater. Furstenberg considers that the encounter present on versedity necessitates to be resolved specially the cultural and the political tendencies. As the attitudes and behavior of the society towards teenage pregnancies has not been corrected so far, it may be difficult to cont rol teenage pregnancy. Hence, methods adopted to prevent pregnancy can be adopted. The intervening variables include 1. Controlling age of entry to the informal unions There has been a outstanding increase in the number of teenagers who have sex before the marriage. In the 1950s and the 1960s, this figure was about 10 %, and in the 1970s and the 1980s this figure was 20 %. There could be many causes for this including peer pressures, lack of pressure from the home, trend in dating, etc. There has been also a rise in the cases of venereal diseases affecting the teenage population. Many a times, the teenage population is not exposed to family or parental discussions on sex and childbearing. This has created even greater number of problems.Family discussions usually create healthy practices and attitudes. Studies conducted in schools on teenage boys and girls present that family teaching had a great berth. When family opposition was present without any kind of support or understan ding, the teenagers indulged in inner activity. One important fact to note was that it was not continuously true when there was an increase in the teenage cozy activity, there would be an increase in the teenage pregnancy rates. In the year 1979, there was an increase by about 50 % in the rates of sex in teenage girls. However, there was also a rise in 50 % in the contraceptive use. Studies have shown that use of contraceptives always did not help to prevent pregnancy, and hence something more was expectd (Kohli, 2007).2. contraceptive method use Studies conducted in the US and the Western European region demonstrated that even though the teenage sexual activity rates were similar in both the regions, the rate of teenage pregnancy rates were higher in the US compared to the Western European region. One of the main reasons as to why teenage girls live pregnant is that they do not sample upon the need to use a contraceptive. several(prenominal) teenagers feel that they are not sexually active and feel that they would not need a contraceptive. Teenagers would also not like to make long-term decisions about their life.They may suffice in an immature and irresponsible way due to their young age. Teenagers may always feel shy of purchasing a contraceptive. They may also not consider the find of acquiring pregnant as real and may not use their knowledge to help prevent the pregnancy. Many girls fear that they would be losing a boy friend due to rejection if they did not have sex with him. This type of fear has lead to several problems. In true fact, it has been seen that girls usually prefer long-term relationships and boys prefer short-term relationships. Most boys would have no idea of contraception and pregnancy, and would usually leave it up to the female to prevent herself from acquiring pregnant (Kohli, 2007).3. wasting disease of abortion4. Use of adoptionPsychological factors associated with teenage pregnancy Most of the teenage girls do not inten t to have a child during their teenage period due to a variety of factors including the need to grow and develop academically, social factors, etc. Only a small proportion of teenagers would like to have an infant and improve their mission in life. The bringing of a child would also increase the relationship and the bonding to their boyfriends. Teenage pregnancy would also improve the chances of seemly independent, stepping into their motherhood, etc. However, the psychological problems created by teenage pregnancy are more often negative.It creates a sense of low self-esteem. Teenagers who become pregnant may not be given the same amount of respect and esteem as before. This is mainly due to the engagement in sex. These psychological pressures would invariable lead to poor academic performances. Poor performance in academics may in turn create a lot of psychological pressure for the teenager and may lead to irresponsible sexual behavior. If the sexual behavior is responsible and i f the child was intelligent and understanding, it was imbed that the academic record was also good (Kohli, 2007).Family Factors Family communication holds a vital key in helping prevent teenage pregnancy. The mother and the daughter need to hold vital discussions on how should teenage pregnancy are prevented. The teenage girl would use contraception infrequently and incorrectly if not assured by the mother. In the other side, important discussions between the father and the son would hold the key to responsible sexual behavior of the male teenagers. The parents and the child postulate to invariable discussion about sex-related issues. This would certainly prevent anything unfortunate from happening. Frequently, it was establish that the sexual behavior of the parents did not have an important purpose to play in permitting the child to have sex.Sons were less likely to follow the parental advice on sex than the daughters. Parents, who were friendly and attentive towards their children, resulted in the teenagers becoming less sexually active. If the parents take up the issue of contraception and sexual activity with the teenager at a young age, then the chances of the child staying constraining to the parents is high. Studies have shown that even if the parents approves of the childs sexual practice through non-verbal means, the chances of developing healthy sexual behavior was high. In tralatitious families, the chances of having a binding daughter were higher, than the son. If the mother was a homemaker, the chances of the daughter viscid to the mothers advice were higher.It was found that in the males, peer involvement had an even greater role to play than family factors. This is because boys may not want to discuss any sexual issue with the parent and instead prefer to discuss it with the friends. Boys may only want to discuss sexual issues with individuals of the same age and belonging to the same sex. Any bad company would create irresponsible s exual behavior.On the other hand, when it comes to girls, they are more often modify by the advice of the male teenager than with the advice of their female friends. When a single parent existed at home, the chances of developing irresponsible sexual behavior was higher. Sexual abuse and problems in the family, was more likely to be responsible for undesired sexual behavior in the teen. The teenager was likely not to give immensity to self. Teenager who previously suffered from certain mental disorders or those who were involved in crime were at a greater chance of becoming pregnant (Kohli, 2007).Social factors Children belonging to certain social groups are more likely not to indulge in sexual activity or use contraception as a mean to prevent pregnancy. It is usually seen that in restrictive societies, the chances of becoming pregnant during the teenage period are lesser. This is due to the restrictions placed by the families on the child to stay away from sex. Socio-economic place also plays an important role in helping to prevent getting pregnant. Hispanics and other sexual minorities due to their lower Socio-economic backgrounds are less likely to receive sexual advice from home and from school. They may also lack medical facilities and contraception (Kohli, 2007).A counselor conducting teenage prevention programs should use various methods to prevent the teenage girl from becoming pregnant. Some of the most frequently utilized methods of preventing teenage pregnancy include use of contraception and come to an ending from sex. The counselor needs to ensure that both these methods are employ either only or in combination with one another, depending on the situation (Kohli, 2007).Children who belong to societies, which are having strict sexual code, would like the teenagers not to indulge in sexual activity. There may pressures from the family, school and society for the teenager to abstain from sex. The teenagers may be told to delay all sexual rela tionships until marriage. In such a circumstance, the counsellor would have to create attitudes and behaviors in the teenager so that they would delay all sexual activity until adulthood. One of the laws developed in the year 1996 was the Welfare reform law and this gave birth to the development of the temperance education program.federal official funds were being utilized in such a program to counsel and educate the teenagers of premarital sex and the need to abstain from it. Every year about 50 million dollars was spent on the program. Several activities were a part of the program. The HRSA developed a community-based abstinence program in the year 2001. Federal funds were utilized to educate the public about premarital sex. They also conducted education programs for students between the ages of 12 to 18 years. More than 20 million dollars was being spend each year on such programs (Kohli, 2007 & USHHS, 2002).The counselor would have a role to play in addition to that of the fam ily. He should work in close association with the family and the school-based activities. Frequently, the counselor would be advising the school of the increased need to have school-based sex education classes. Some parents may not want their children to have school-based sex education classes and instead prefer to give them advice personally. In such circumstances, it is the duty of the counselor to advise the parents of the importance of such activities. In teenagers it is found that abstinence-based program may be difficult to prevent them from craziness in sexual activity, but would definitely help to prevent them from indulging in sexual activity until the age of 18 years (Kohli, 2007 & USHHS, 2002d).As teenage pregnancy has multiple factors responsible, the program to be successful and effective needs to adopt a holistic approach to solve the problem. One of the issues that the counselor needs to emphasis on is the need to continue education and literary to a higher level. Te enagers having higher intellectual capacity are more likely to get motivated and continue with education on a longer term.Some teenagers may also like the issue of getting employed and standing on ones own feet. It is found that such students are more likely to follow the advise of the counselor and respond. The counselor should continuously motivate the teenager to use contraceptive during sexual activities or if possible to abstain from sex (Childrens instigate edict Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy taproom Program, 2006).The counselor should also use the family as a role model to ensure that the teenager adopts healthy sexual practices. The teenager should be convinced about the strong family ties that are present. They should be told to take their mother and father as role models and lead a life that is going to be constructive in the future. Students belonging to various colleges may have a lot of creativity housed within them. They would like to use this skill to build a future . This could also be used as a point on which further motif can be performed (Childrens abet Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy bar Program, 2006).The intervention performed should not be single measures as a number of factors are involved that are related to teenage pregnancy. Some counselors would utilize various psychotherapy techniques to help the teenagers to adopt healthy sexual practices. Some of the psychotherapy techniques that could be utilized included family therapy, group therapy, support groups, couple therapy, etc (Childrens Aid Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program, 2006). wholly the issues that encompass sex and teenage matters need to be sorted out in a teenage pregnancy prevention program. Some of these issues include HIV/AIDS, responsible sexual behavior, use of contraceptives, drug abuse, etc. The teenagers should be motivated to lead a fruitful and a productive life. Many teenagers may feel depressed and hopeless in case they pass by pre gnant. However, a counselor should also be available to tackle such situations and offer the teenagers a way out. The counselor would have to adopt a stand that would encourage the teenager. Some of the points over which the teenager could be support include 1. Make the teenager understand that young blood could be utilized for constructive purposes.2. Helps the teen to build a life alter with purpose and responsibility.3. Building a very promising future.4. Helping teenagers who have had previous pregnancies and abortions to lead a life filled with hope and quality (Childrens Aid Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program, 2006).However, this is not always the case with teenagers who have had previous pregnancies. Teenagers who have had previous pregnancies may be pressurized from various quarters. They may be forced to lead a life filled with poverty, misery, hopelessness and depression. The counselor should in such situations be available to uplift such teenagers t o lead a quality life. The counselor should consider such teenagers to be at a high risk for depression and suicidal tendencies.He should be able to assess the straw man of such risk and accordingly take measures to protect the teenager. Teenagers under the difficulties of life, require love and care. For this reason, they may indulge in sexual activities. However, the performance of such activities may result in a critical error leading to the female girl becoming pregnant. The counselor should provide hope and motivation for the teenager to lead a fruitful life (Childrens Aid Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program, 2006).One of the most effective programs when it comes to social issues such as teenage pregnancy, community-based approaches seems to be very superior. The US wellness and Human Services is one organization that is supporting the use of community-based programs for the prevention of pregnancy amongst teenagers. They would be using various resources su ch as financial, human, supportive, infrastructure, material, etc, to perform various activities such as building partnerships, researching, monitoring, evaluating, planning, disseminating knowledge, etc (Childrens Aid Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program, 2006 & US HHS, 2002).The CDC has taken the issue of teenage pregnancy prevention on a priority basis since the year 1995. The programs support various activities in order to help prevent teenage pregnancies. These include community actions, coordinated efforts, identify shortcomings, identifying and allocating resources, evaluating the project, etc. Several political and non-governmental would be taking part in such activities, including local, regional and federal (US HHS, 2002).Several other issues need to be considered in the teenage pregnancy prevention program. For the provision of reproductive health services, several health insurance options should be available to the teenagers (such as Medicaid and Medi care Services). Several of the State, Regional and Federal Public wellness programs such as the State Childrens Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), Maternal and Child Health Services put off Grant, etc are meant for adolescent health and to prevent pregnancy in young teenage girls. Teenagers should also have facilities to help them with several other issues such as drug abuse, alcohol abuse, legal issues, etc (US HHS, 2002).In a teenage pregnancy prevention program, during the implementation certain principles need to be adhered to The objectives, goals and the judge outcome of the program should be clearly defined. The mode by which these objectives are to be achieved need to be determined. Collaboration should exist between the governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations, and private organizations. The involvement of teens in the program. The activities and the content of the program performed should be entrancing to the teens. All activities should be constructiv e in nature. Cultural activities and local resources would provide huge amount of benefits. Use of local volunteers and counselors would also help in the program. Long-term support should be provided to the teens in helping to carve out something constructive for the future. The two measures by which the program would be acting include abstinence and contraception. Abstinence can delay the interest in indulging in sexual activity by the teen. Contraception methods and techniques should be taught. Males should be encouraged to take up contraception use, as it is more comfortable and reduces the load on the females. The programs should be developmentally appropriate. Decision-making skills and problem-solving methods should be taught to the teenagers. Several health services such as gynecological services, obstetrics services, adolescent health, pregnancy testing, prevention and treatment for STDs, contraceptive counseling, etc. The health services should compound certain features i ncluding confidentiality, informed consent, flexibility in appointments, free services, etc. (Davies, 2007).ReferencesASPE-HHS (2007). Involving Health Care Professionals in Teen Pregnancy Prevention. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from ASPE-HHS mesh invest http//aspe.hhs.gov/HSP/get-organized99/ch10.pdfBlank, L., Goyder, E. & Peters, J. (2003). Teenage pregnancy prevention initiatives in New sleep with Communities. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from The University of Sheffield clear point.Center For Maternal And Child Health (2007). Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from Advocates for Youth weave site http//www.fha.state.md.us/mch/html/teenpreg.cfmChildrens Aid Society Carrera (2006). Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from Childrens Aid Society Carrera blade site http//www.stopteenpregnancy.com/ourprogram/Connelly, M. T. & Inui, T. S. (2004). Principles of Disease Prevention. In Braunwald, E., Fauci, A. S., Kasper, D. L., Hauser, S. L., Longo, D. L. and Jameson, J.L. (Eds) Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine, New York McGraw-Hill.Davis, L. (2007). Components of undimmed Teen Pregnancy Prevention Programs. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from Advocates for Youth sack up site http//www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/iag/compnent.htmHuberman, B. (2005). National Teen Pregnancy Prevention Month (NTPPM) readying Guidebook. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from Advocates of Youth Web site.Kohli, V. & Nyberg, K. L. (2007). Teen Pregnancy Prevention through Education. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from California State University Web site.Ontarios Maternal, Newborn and Early Child Development Resource Centre and the Sex Information and Education Council of Canada (2007). Update report onTeen pregnancy prevention. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from OMNECD Web sitePCL (2007). Unplanned Pregnancy Counselling. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from PCL Web site http//www.pcl.o rg.au/SHPPS (2006). Pregnancy Prevention. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from SHPPS Web site.The National Campaign To Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy (2006). Teen Pregnancy So What? Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from Teenage Pregnancy.org Web site http//www.teenpregnancy.org/whycare/sowhat.aspUS HHS (2002). Preventing Teenage Pregnancy. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from US HHS Web site http//www.policyalmanac.org/health/archive/hhs_teenage_pregnancy.shtmlWeiss, D. (2007). Reducing Teenage Pregnancy. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from be after Parenthood Web sitehttp//www.plannedparenthood.org/news-articles-press/politics-policyissues/teen-pregnancy-sex-education/teenage-pregnancy-6240.htmUniversity of Richmond (2003). Teenage Pregnancy Prevention. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from University of Richmond Web site http//www.solutionsforamerica.org/healthyfam/teenage-pregnancy.html

Africa Hunger Essay

Today, i am happy to come here and tell you sth astir(predicate) Africa hurt. First, i name a small question for you have you invariably had nothing in your stomach for three days? Maybe none of you here have suffer it but in sub-saharan Africa, at that place be a lot of good deal died everyday due to starvation. In this presentation, i will tell you louvre things you may not go about hunger in Africa. Hunger in Africa has become a huge issue over the years. There are billions of adults and clawren starving. The first of five factors you may not know about Africa Hunger is Climate variegates and painful weather signifi flush toilettly affect hunger in Africa. It push much and more people into hunger.According to Climate changes and Hunger, FAO, 2009 By 2050, climate change and bad weather will have pushed another 24 millions children into hunger. unairedly half of these children will live in sub-saharan Africa. Why FAO keister point out this conculsion, they have a nalized value of the number of esurient people from 2001-2009. this climate changes factor has create the following factor. Factor number 2 is rising food prices contributes to hunger in Africa. It is affected by climate changes and economic issue. However this problem can be solved since there are a lot of foundations for victims of starvation. However Factor number 3 gifting that 2 factor above has crushed this part of the earthly concern is Africa accounts for 1 quater of the hungry population.From this chart you can see that there are 102 billion people in hunger all around the knowledge domain and about 642 millions in Asia Pacific. Sub- saharan Africa hvae reach 265 millions which mean 1 twenty-five percent of the worlds hungry population. The following factor will show us how terrible hunger is? Factor number 4 Hunger kills more people than aid in Africa. FAO has shown that 14,6 million African died because of AIDS but it is up to 42 million hungry deaths in the near E ast and North Africa. Factor number 5 relating to money have point out that it only take $0,25 to feed a child in Africa. You can provide a child with all of the vitamins and nutrients, he or she need to grow up healthy with only 5200 VN per day. regimen is a humand right but there are more hungry people now than at any time in history. We can fix it. By this preresentation, i just want to send you a message plz, dont waste your food even a piece of bread.

History of Rock n Roll

blue devil notes- Blue melodies are full of slightly altered pitches. Lowered 3rd and displace 7th 10. amount claim form (ABA)- a medicational bodily structure that typically consists of 2 harmonyal objet darts (A and B) played in quaternary sections. Each section is usually 8 appreciates long. 11 . Smooch air- lay singer for the easy listening, slow dancing love lines 12. 12-bar vapors approach- so called beca function each verse Is twelve bars long. No matter what the pacing of the song, there Is a basic stick around that Is counted in groups of four, with four defeat to each part.Arranged Into three groups of four measures. 13. Rockabilly Polymaths-The combination of twain contrasting lilting beats simultaneously. There are two main types of polymaths cpss that carry oer the bar and speech rhythm methods that exist within the bar. 14. Slide guitar- The term swoop is in reference to the sliding motion of the slide against the ranges, while bottleneck refer s to the skipper material of choice for such slides, which were the necks of glass bottles. 15. Station (Ref) Repeated mellisonant figures on the low wagon trains 16.Grist (Jail)- African unisonians who correspond most virtually to the blue devils singers hailstorm/musicians room northwest Africa. W. C. Handy 17. Double stops-is the act of vie two notes simultaneously on a melodic percussion dick (like a marimba) or stringed instrument (for example, a violin or a guitar). 18. Bent notes- to slightly alter the pitch of a note by pilling on a string, raising or lowering the voice, or modify or loosening the embouchure, or mouth position, on a horn. (Often considered a blue note) 19.Barbershops rhythm- The surface rhythm of a guitar substitute subdivides the basic beat into a triple pattern, resulting in a spirited, uneven rhythm. 20. Two-beat sea bass- bassist plays the root of the concord on the first beat of a 4/4 measure and the fifth of the harmonise on the third b eat of a measure. wakeless emphasis on beats 1 & 3. 21 . Tonic- the main or central pitch off major key. Tonic also refers to the chord that Is built on the first pitch of a scale and Is thence the mall or central chord, or home chord of a major or minor scale. 22.Dominant- The is heavily accented 24. Backseat- 2 & 4 beats are heavily accented 25. Subdivision- the fourth pitch of a major or minor scale. Also refers to the chord that is built on the fourth pitch of a scale. 26. Work song- a piece of music closely connected to a specific form of work, either birdsong while conducting a task ( practically to coordinate timing) or a song linked to a task or trade which might be a connected narrative, description, or protest song. 27. Strophic song form- a song form in which each verse of the text is call to the uniform music.The music for each verse stays the same, and only the lyrics change. 28. tie band- soonest country groups consist of lead birdsongist, suffer up vocalists, fiddles, acousticalal guitars, banjo, and acoustic bass (sometimes mandolin). 29. Turnaround-Very often on the last measure of the regression (measure 12), the prevailing chord is played to set up the return of the gross tonic chord at the beginning of the next verse. 30. Fill- The last two measures of each sing line are an performd instrumental passage, an instrumental response to the sung call.Know who the following people are and with which controversy or blue artists or styles they are associated 1. Charley Patton- Father of the Delta vapors 2. Cosmic Mahatmas- Owner, recording engineer, J & M Studios 3. Jerry Libber & Mike St hander- are among the most influential American songwriters and music producers in post-World War II popular music. . Alan Freed- known also as Monody, was an American disc-jockey who became internationally known for promoting African-American rhythm and colour music on the radio in the United States and atomic number 63 under the name of rock an d roll. . Phil & Leonard Chess- was a record company administrator and the founder of Chess Records 6. Big Mama Thornton- was an American rhythm and blues singer and songwriter. She was the first to record the hit song Hound mark in 1952. 7. Sam Philips- founder of Sun Studios in Memphis, TN 8. Scotty Moore- Lead guitarist in loony toons band 9. Cool. Tom Parker- Elvis manager 10. Eddie Cochran- was an American rock and roll musician and an important deflect on popular music during the late sass, early sass. 11.Dave Bartholomew Artist & Repertoire (A & R) Trumpet player, arranger, manager, band leader ( assume that a shame co wrote with Fats Domino) 12. Carl Perkins- Popular performer with Memphis rock and roll. tendency includes 1 . Anticipated chord 2. riffle selection 3. Dampens Strings 4. superstar and Double bends 5. Syncopated rhythms The Blues Call and response transaction technique from work songs. (Eased the drudgery of work) Deciding melody from field hollers m ake enforce of of blue notes lowered 3rd and 7th scale degrees Simple agreeable progression ( l, V, V) from church hymns, folk songs.Strophic claim create Series of verses, basically same tone lyrics change clownish and Western (southerly country and southwesterly country swing) Southern Country General Characteristics Simple Melodies (narrow range wide-eyed surface rhythms) Simple Harmonic structures Simple rhythms , clear meters single-valued function of two beat bass Little elaborate instrumental improvisation Vocalists often have a in straitened circumstances(p) quality, slide from pitch to pitch, lend oneself outturn technique Texts often about unrequited love Lilted lovers) Blues + Country = Southern Country Style Jimmie Rogers (1867-1933) sometimes called father of country music Blue Yodel (recur. 927) Tea for Texas Hank Williams (1923- 1953) Move it On Over (recur. 1949) The Carter Family south Country Swing Mixes elements of southern country with big band sw ing. Originated in the Texas string bands, late sasss -early sasss To country swing band added Drums flaccid mark Guitar (often) Horn Section Performed same repertoire as country band, further also included popular make out, pop and blues songs. Players encouraged to improvise Influenced mainstream country with use of drums, piano, electric instruments Bob Willis (1905 1975) Swing Blues (recur. 936) boogie-woogie Woozier Woozier was popular with dance bands & their audiences Also known as honey ton from the type of bar in which the style originated. Possibly from Madding word rag to beat a drum Possibly from English slang bogy at first meaning dark apparitions. Later used to list blacks in a derogatory fashion. Characteristics Eight quick pulses per measure (8 to the bar) Uses the barbershops rhythm (bounced) Improvised right hand part Steady pattern ( plaza flip-flop in left handUses 12 bar blues progression do Lewis Rhythm and Blues General Characteristics Blue eleme nts Strophic song form ABA blues text form Melodic style (descending melody, blue notes) 12-bar blues progression boogie Woozier elements station bass line 8-pulse rhythm (walking rhythm Constant) barbershops rhythm Big band swing elements performance style instrumentationpiano, guitar, bass, drums (rhythm section), horns, Be prepared to recognize artists discussed in class who are representative of these styles. Be familiar with the specific style characteristics of agrestic Texas blues Single-note bass string runs Repatriated chords (chord that is spread) Repeated melodic, rhythmic figures (riffs) on bass strings Alternate playing on bass and treble strings (Alternate high and low) Single String Melody Fills Blind Lemon Jefferson (c. 1883-1929) Heart Attack found wintery the next day in his Cadillac. Field Holler Style Rural Mississippi delta blues- Frequent sliding from note to note Play slide guitar Wailing style of vocalizing (forlorn) Small Melodic Range (low -up a little then back down) Intricate Polymaths Rhythmic Choral fills (rather than melodic) percussive playing styleCharley Patton Father of the Delta Blues Robert Johnson (c. 1911-1938) Cross Road Blues (recur. 1936) Song Echoes his selling his soul to the devil Died from complications of pneumonia from whiskey laced with strychnine) Part of the 27 Club Texas Urban Blues Stronger influence on other blues, Jazz then on rock in general use horns in back up band saxophone often the soloing instrument Strong Piano basis (rather than guitar) Aaron T-bone walker (1910-1975) Call it Stormy Monday Blues (recur. 1947) Huge influence on rock guitarists Urban clams blues- Derived from Mississippi Delta Blues Use of slide guitarFrequent slides surrounded by notes Frequent use of bent notes Frequent use of dual stopped strings Intricate rhythm patterns, polymaths Single string fills (esp B. B. King) Muddy (grandmother gave him this) Waters (from his Job) (1915-1984) McKinley Northfield Blow Wind Blow (recur. 1950) Harmonica (unique sound) B. B King Northern band rock n roll (Bill Haley) Style Characteristics A steady, mechanical meter Fast tempos Staccato guitar chords on the back beat (2 and 4) A slapped, walking bass line (clicking) A boogie woozier station (often, not always) Bill Haley and The Comets Shake, Rattle, and curlerCombines Western String Band (lead & accentuate vocals, acoustic rhythm guitar, electric lead guitar, steel guitar) with rhythm and blues (bass, drums, piano, tenor saxophone) New Orleans dance rock- An overall bass foundation chickgie Woozier Barbershops rhythm (bounce feel) The basic beat is often subdivided into 3 quick pulses (triplet feel) Rhythms and meters are looser than the stiff, mechanical meters of Bill Haley and the Memphis Country style. Surface rhythms vary from a lively, bouncy beat to a slow, intense shuffle beat. Lead vocalists featured conspicuously Rarely any background singingRhythm & Blues band lead vocal, piano, acoustic bass, drums, guitar, tenor saxophone Cosmic Mates Owner, recording engineer, J & M Studios Dave Bartholomew Artist & Repertoire (A & R) Trumpet player, arranger, manager, band leader Antoine Fats Domino cordially Creole accent 2 handed boogie woozier style give the axe song structures Fat Man Blue Berry Hill Standard Song Form Little Richard Penman Fire and Brimstone singing style Gospel oriented, influenced Frenetic, energetic performing style Tenor Sax Solo about 2/3 into song Memphis country rock Rhythm & Blues Elements Emphasis on back beat 2 bar blues format Country and Western Elements Instrumentation (string bands) inexorable rhythms Nasal singing style Pronunciation (accent) Overall treble predominate sound (twangs) Instrumentation Lead Electric guitar acoustic rhythm guitar Acoustic bass (slap bass 2 beat (Beats 1 & 3)) Drums, Piano (After c. 1956) Generally no backup singers Lead Guitar Style Bright, tinny character Corresponds with nasal voice Primarily country st yle picking (finger postsecondary on delta blues style (slide) Vocal Characteristics Stuttering, yelps, cracked falsetto Sometimes slur spoken language together Nasal singingOther characteristics Generally fast tempos Propelled by slapped bass Looser find of rhythm than New Orleans Dance Recorded with natural studio echo Developed principally at Sun Studios, Memphis, TN (Sam Phillips) Carl Perkins-guitar style- Anticipated Chords feel Picking Dampens Strings Single and Double Bends Syncopated Rhythms Elvis Presleyvocal style and influences Vocal Styles influences Country Clear pronunciation Southern accent aesthesis of melodic phrasing Hiccup, stutter (from yodel) Rural Blues Vocal Delivery (groups, blue notes) White Gospel Clear, four part harmonies stark Gospel Exuberant performing styles (shouting Etc) Pop Low tones, vibrato Chicago rock n roll Time Generally Fast Tempos Hard-driving beat take down beat subdivisions Sound Guitar based bands Soloists are guitarists Instrume ntation like R&B Band Vocal, Electric Guitar, Bass, Drums, Piano May use horns for background riffing Generally no back-up singers Guitar style derived from Chicago blues Slide Guitar Finger sliding on strings Multiple -stopped strings (& bends) Hard, percussive picking style Harmony 12 bar blues progression Form Strophic Texts Often Narrative Chuck Berryguitar style and influencesStyle Characteristics Strong use of syncopated rhythms Use of repeated rhythms, melodic figures (riffs) Guitar accompaniment from boogie woozier accompaniment Use of double & multiple stops Finger slides, single & double notes Click introductory figure Guitar Sources Charlie Christian, Carl Hogan Jazz) Muddy Waters, T-Bone Walker (Blues) Melodic Sense Illinois Jacket daze Sax) Influenced by Muddy Waters, John Lee slut Heavy use of revere in amplifier Raw edged blues sound Chant like, rhythmic solos Rhythms based on Cuba rhythm (Boo Diddled Rhythm or Hammond rhythm) Buddy Hollyguitar and vocal styles Comb ines elements of Memphis & Chicago Rock and Roll Background in Country & Western Vocal Characteristics Highpoint/Stuttering Changing vocal tone color mid-song Recorded own material almost wholly First group with line-up of electric lead and rhythm guitars, bass, drums, and everyone sings. Double track vocals and guitar solos (recorded voice 2nd) Popularized use of Fender Cotoneaster guitar.Vocal group rock n roll Predecessors Black vocal harmony groups 1890-sasss sass ass Mills Brothers, Ink descry Vocal Traits based Gospel traditions High tenor against low, rumbling bass Backing harmonies fill in chord Call and response between lead tenor and back-singers Sound Lead Vocalist supported by 3-4 back-up vocalists Tight, close harmony singing (barbershop style) Backup sings nonsense syllables Instrumentalists rich in background (except for solos) Band guitar, drums, bass, piano, tenor saxophone Form many an(prenominal) songs in standard song form Harmony Many songs use the do whop progression Tonic (major) Substantiated (minor) Subdivision Dominant (l -IV-IV-V) C C- A mint -F -G Other Many one or two hit wonders Many Bird Groups (Orioles, Ravens, Penguins, Larks Etc) Many Car Groups (Falsehoods, El Dorado, Impalas Etc)